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Terms starting with H

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Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Half-Life of a Reaction

The time required for the concentration of a reactant to fall to half its initial value.

t½ = 0.693 / k (first order) s
Electrochemistry & Redox

Half-Reaction

An equation showing either the oxidation or the reduction part of a redox process, including the electrons transferred.

Ox + n e⁻ ⇌ Red Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Half-Reaction Method

A technique for balancing redox equations by splitting them into separate oxidation and reduction half-equations.

balance atoms, then O with H₂O, H with H⁺, charge with e⁻ Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Haloalkane

An alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms.

R–X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Halogens

The group 17 elements — fluorine through astatine — which are one electron short of a full outer shell.

ns² np⁵ Dimensionless
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat

Energy transferred between a system and its surroundings solely because of a temperature difference.

q = mcΔT J
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure

The heat needed to raise a system's temperature by one kelvin while pressure is held constant.

C_p = C_V + R (ideal gas) J/(mol·K)
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity at Constant Volume

The heat needed to raise a system's temperature by one kelvin while its volume is held fixed.

C_V = (∂U/∂T)_V J/(mol·K)
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The principle that the position and momentum of a particle cannot both be known to arbitrary precision at the same time.

Δx · Δp ≥ h / 4π J·s
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Helmholtz Free Energy

The thermodynamic potential that determines spontaneity at constant temperature and volume.

A = U − TS kJ/mol
Acids, Bases & Salts

Henderson–Hasselbalch Equation

The equation giving the pH of a buffer from the pKa of its acid and the ratio of conjugate base to acid.

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]) Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.

p = K_H × x Pa
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Hess's Law

The total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of the route taken, provided the initial and final states are identical.

ΔH_total = ΣΔH_steps kJ/mol
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Catalysis in which the catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants, usually a solid with gaseous or liquid reagents.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Heterogeneous Equilibrium

An equilibrium involving species present in more than one phase.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture in which the components remain physically distinct, so composition varies from one region of the sample to another.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Hexagonal Close Packing

A close-packed arrangement in which layers of spheres repeat in an ABAB sequence.

6 atoms per cell, 74% packing Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

High Spin Complex

A complex in which electrons occupy the higher d orbitals singly before pairing, maximising unpaired spins.

Δ < P BM
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A technique in which a liquid mobile phase is pumped at high pressure through a column of very fine stationary phase.

min
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry capable of measuring mass to four or more decimal places, allowing molecular formulae to be determined.

Da
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

HOMO and LUMO

The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, which together govern a molecule's reactivity and spectroscopy.

ΔE = E_LUMO − E_HOMO eV
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Homogeneous Catalysis

Catalysis in which the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Homogeneous Equilibrium

An equilibrium in which all the reacting species are present in the same phase.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture whose composition and properties are uniform throughout, with no visible boundary between the components.

Dimensionless