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Organic Chemistry

Electrophile

An electron-deficient species that seeks and accepts a pair of electrons from an electron-rich centre.

E⁺ Dimensionless Organic Chemistry

Electrophilic Addition

A reaction in which an electrophile adds across a carbon–carbon multiple bond, converting a pi bond into two sigma bonds.

C=C + E–Nu → C(E)–C(Nu) Dimensionless Organic Chemistry

Electrophilic Substitution

A reaction in which an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring.

ArH + E⁺ → ArE + H⁺ Dimensionless Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Electrophoresis

A separation technique in which charged species migrate through a medium under an applied electric field.

v = μE cm/s States of Matter & Gas Laws

Evaporation

The escape of molecules from the surface of a liquid into the vapour phase below the boiling point.

kJ/mol Organic Chemistry

E1 Reaction

A two-step elimination proceeding through a carbocation, which then loses a proton to form an alkene.

rate = k[substrate] s⁻¹ Solutions & Colligative Properties

Ebullioscopic Constant

The boiling point elevation produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.

K_b = RT_b²M / ΔH_vap K·kg/mol Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrode

A conductor through which electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte.

Dimensionless Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrolyte

A substance that produces mobile ions when dissolved or molten and therefore conducts electricity.

S/m Solutions & Colligative Properties

Emulsion

A colloidal dispersion of one liquid as fine droplets throughout another liquid with which it is immiscible.

nm Organic Chemistry

Enantiomer

One of a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

(+) and (−), or R and S degrees Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Endergonic Reaction

A reaction with a positive Gibbs free energy change, which requires an input of energy to proceed.

ΔG > 0 kJ/mol Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Enthalpy

A thermodynamic state function equal to internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume.

H = U + pV kJ/mol Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Enthalpy of Sublimation

The enthalpy change when one mole of a solid converts directly into vapour.

ΔH_sub = ΔH_fus + ΔH_vap kJ/mol Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Enzyme

A biological catalyst, almost always a protein, that accelerates a specific biochemical reaction.

Dimensionless Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Enzyme Catalysis

Catalysis by protein molecules that bind substrates at a specific active site and lower the activation energy dramatically.

Dimensionless Acids, Bases & Salts

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration at which exactly stoichiometric amounts of the two reactants have been combined.

n_acid × basicity = n_base × acidity mol Foundations of Chemistry

Element

A pure substance composed entirely of atoms that share the same atomic number and therefore cannot be split into simpler substances by…

Dimensionless Acids, Bases & Salts

End Point

The point in a titration at which the indicator changes colour, signalling that the reaction is judged complete.

mL Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, giving a positive enthalpy change.

ΔH > 0 kJ/mol