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Results for “Mole”

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Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Hydrate Isomerism

Isomerism arising from water molecules occupying either the coordination sphere or lattice positions outside it.

Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hydration Energy

The energy released when one mole of gaseous ions is surrounded by water molecules to form a dilute aqueous solution.

ΔH_hyd ∝ z / r kJ/mol
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Ideal Gas

A hypothetical gas whose particles have zero volume and exert no intermolecular forces, obeying pV = nRT exactly at all conditions.

pV = nRT Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Ideal Solution

A solution in which the interactions between unlike molecules are identical to those between like molecules, so Raoult's law holds at all…

ΔH_mix = 0, ΔV_mix = 0 Dimensionless
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

A technique that identifies functional groups from the infrared frequencies a molecule absorbs as its bonds vibrate.

ν̃ = (1/2πc)√(k/μ) cm⁻¹
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Ionisation Energy

The minimum energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms in their ground state.

X(g) → X⁺(g) + e⁻ kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Ion–Dipole Interaction

The attraction between an ion and the oppositely charged end of a polar molecule.

E ∝ q μ / r² kJ/mol
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Isoelectric Point

The pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge.

pI = (pKa₁ + pKa₂)/2 Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Isomerism

The existence of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Dimensionless
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Isotopic Peak

A peak appearing at a higher mass than the main ion because the molecule contains a heavier isotope.

M+1, M+2 Da
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Lattice Energy

The energy released when one mole of an ionic solid is formed from its constituent gaseous ions.

U ∝ (z⁺z⁻) / (r⁺ + r⁻) kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Lewis Structure

A diagram showing the bonding and lone pairs of a molecule using dots or lines for valence electrons.

Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Ligand

An ion or molecule that donates one or more electron pairs to a central metal atom.

Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Ligand Field Theory

The refined bonding model that combines crystal field theory with molecular orbital treatment of metal–ligand covalency.

cm⁻¹
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Linear Geometry

A molecular shape in which the bonded atoms lie on a straight line, giving a bond angle of 180°.

AX₂ or AX₂E₃ degrees
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Lipid

A biomolecule that is largely non-polar and therefore insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Liquid Crystal

A state of matter that flows like a liquid but retains some of the molecular ordering of a crystal.

Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

London Dispersion Forces

Attractions between molecules caused by instantaneous fluctuations in electron distribution inducing dipoles in neighbours.

E ∝ α² / r⁶ kJ/mol
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

A technique that separates ionised molecules and fragments according to their mass-to-charge ratio.

m/z Da
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution

The statistical distribution describing how molecular speeds are spread within a gas at a given temperature.

f(v) ∝ v² e^(−mv² / 2kT) Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Metal Carbonyl

A coordination compound in which carbon monoxide molecules are bonded to a metal centre.

M(CO)ₙ Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Micelle

A spherical aggregate of surfactant molecules that forms in solution above a characteristic concentration.

mol/L
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Molality

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

m = n / mass of solvent (kg) mol/kg
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Molar Heat Capacity

The heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one kelvin.

C_m = q / (nΔT) J/(mol·K)