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291 terms · page 12 of 13


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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

The study of the structure, properties, composition and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.

Dimensionless
Electrochemistry & Redox

Overpotential

The extra voltage beyond the theoretical value that must be applied before an electrode reaction proceeds at a useful rate.

η = E_applied − E_equilibrium V
Foundations of Chemistry

Polyatomic Ion

A covalently bonded group of atoms that carries an overall electrical charge and behaves as a single unit in reactions.

C (charge)
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Polydentate Ligand

A ligand that binds to a single metal centre through three or more donor atoms.

Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Polyprotic Acid

An acid capable of donating more than one proton per molecule.

H₂A ⇌ H⁺ + HA⁻ ⇌ 2H⁺ + A²⁻ mol/L
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Primary Standard

A highly pure, stable substance that can be weighed accurately and used directly to prepare a solution of known concentration.

g/mol
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Quantum Mechanical Model

The modern description of the atom in which electrons are represented by wavefunctions giving probability distributions rather than…

Ĥψ = Eψ Dimensionless
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Radioactive Tracer

A radioisotope introduced into a system so that its pathway can be followed by detecting its radiation.

Bq
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Radioactivity

The spontaneous emission of particles or electromagnetic radiation from unstable atomic nuclei.

Bq
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Rate-Determining Step

The slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which limits the overall rate.

Dimensionless
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Reaction Intermediate

A species produced in one step of a mechanism and consumed in a later one, so it does not appear in the overall equation.

mol/L
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Rydberg Formula

The empirical equation predicting the wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted by a hydrogen-like atom.

1/λ = R_H(1/n₁² − 1/n₂²) m⁻¹
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Second-Order Reaction

A reaction whose rate depends on the square of one concentration or on the product of two concentrations.

1/[A] = 1/[A]₀ + kt L/(mol·s)
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Secondary Standard

A solution whose concentration has been established by titration against a primary standard.

mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Simultaneous Equilibria

Several equilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisfied at once.

mol/L
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

sp Hybridisation

The mixing of one s and one p orbital to give two linear hybrid orbitals at 180° to each other.

2 hybrids, 180° degrees
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Spontaneity

The tendency of a process to occur without any continuous external input of energy.

ΔG < 0 kJ/mol
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Standard State

The reference condition of a pure substance at 1 bar pressure and a stated temperature, conventionally 298.15 K.

denoted by ° Dimensionless
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Standardisation

The determination of the exact concentration of a solution by titrating it against a primary standard.

M₁V₁ / n₁ = M₂V₂ / n₂ mol/L
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Surface Tension

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by unit amount, arising from unbalanced intermolecular forces at the surface.

γ = F / L N/m
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Surroundings

Everything outside the chosen system with which it can exchange energy or matter.

Dimensionless
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

The branch of science dealing with energy, its transformations, and the direction in which processes occur.

J
Acids, Bases & Salts

Titration

A quantitative technique in which a solution of known concentration is added to another until the reaction between them is exactly complete.

n₁ / n₂ = a / b mol/L
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Transition State

The highest-energy configuration along the reaction coordinate, at which bonds are partly broken and partly formed.

denoted ‡ kJ/mol