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Terms starting with H

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Organic Chemistry

Homologous Series

A family of compounds sharing the same functional group and general formula, with successive members differing by CH₂.

differ by −CH₂− Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Hormone

A chemical messenger released by one tissue that regulates the activity of cells elsewhere in the body.

mol/L
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

The rule that electrons occupy degenerate orbitals singly with parallel spins before any orbital is doubly occupied.

maximise total spin S Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Hybridisation

The mixing of atomic orbitals on the same atom to form an equal number of new, equivalent orbitals suited to bonding.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Hydrate

A crystalline compound in which a definite number of water molecules is incorporated into the lattice.

MX·nH₂O Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Hydrate Isomerism

Isomerism arising from water molecules occupying either the coordination sphere or lattice positions outside it.

Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hydration Energy

The energy released when one mole of gaseous ions is surrounded by water molecules to form a dilute aqueous solution.

ΔH_hyd ∝ z / r kJ/mol
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Hydration Reaction

The addition of water across a multiple bond or the incorporation of water into a crystal lattice.

C=C + H₂O → C(OH)–CH Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbon

A compound composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.

CₓH_y Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Hydrogen Bond

A strong dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to N, O or F and a lone pair on another such atom.

X–H···Y (X, Y = N, O, F) kJ/mol
Electrochemistry & Redox

Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell

A fuel cell in which hydrogen is oxidised at the anode and oxygen reduced at the cathode, producing only water.

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, E° = 1.23 V V
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Hydrolysis

A reaction in which a bond is cleaved by water, with the H and OH fragments adding to the two products.

AB + H₂O → AOH + BH Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Hydrolysis Constant

The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of a salt ion in water.

Kh = Kw / Ka (anion) mol/L
Organic Chemistry

Hyperconjugation

The stabilising delocalisation of electrons from a sigma C–H bond into an adjacent empty or partly filled p orbital.

kJ/mol
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, drawing water out of the more dilute side.

π_solution > π_cell atm
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, so water flows into the more concentrated side.

π_solution < π_cell atm
Organic Chemistry

Hückel's Rule

The rule that a planar cyclic conjugated system is aromatic if it contains 4n + 2 pi electrons.

4n + 2 π electrons Dimensionless