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Terms starting with E

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Organic Chemistry

E1 Reaction

A two-step elimination proceeding through a carbocation, which then loses a proton to form an alkene.

rate = k[substrate] s⁻¹
Organic Chemistry

E2 Reaction

A single-step elimination in which a base removes a proton as the leaving group departs, forming a double bond.

rate = k[substrate][base] L/(mol·s)
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Ebullioscopic Constant

The boiling point elevation produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.

K_b = RT_b²M / ΔH_vap K·kg/mol
Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of a Catalyst on Equilibrium

A catalyst changes how quickly equilibrium is reached but never where that equilibrium lies.

K unchanged Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of an Inert Gas

The influence of adding a non-reacting gas on the position of a gaseous equilibrium.

Pa
Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of Concentration Change

The shift in equilibrium position caused by adding or removing a reactant or product.

Q ≠ K → shift until Q = K mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of Pressure Change

The shift in a gaseous equilibrium caused by changing the total pressure through a volume change.

shift towards fewer gas moles when p rises Pa
Chemical Equilibrium

Effect of Temperature Change

The shift in equilibrium caused by heating or cooling, which uniquely also changes the equilibrium constant.

exothermic: K falls as T rises K
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Effective Atomic Number Rule

The observation that stable metal carbonyls tend to have a total electron count equal to that of the next noble gas.

EAN = Z − oxidation state + 2n(ligands) Dimensionless
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Effective Collision

A collision that actually leads to reaction because it has both sufficient energy and correct orientation.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Effective Nuclear Charge

The net positive charge actually experienced by a particular electron after allowing for shielding by other electrons.

Z_eff = Z − σ Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Effervescence

The rapid escape of gas bubbles from a liquid during a chemical reaction.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Effusion

The escape of gas molecules one at a time through a hole much smaller than the mean free path.

rate ∝ 1 / √M mol/s
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrochemical Cell

A device in which a redox reaction and an electric current are interconverted through two separated electrodes.

V
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrochemical Equivalent

The mass of a substance liberated by the passage of one coulomb of charge.

Z = M / (nF) g/C
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrochemical Series

A list of redox couples arranged in order of their standard electrode potentials.

V
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrochemistry

The study of the relationship between chemical change and electrical energy.

V
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrode

A conductor through which electric current enters or leaves an electrolyte.

Dimensionless
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrolysis

The decomposition of an electrolyte by passing an electric current through it.

C
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrolyte

A substance that produces mobile ions when dissolved or molten and therefore conducts electricity.

S/m
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrolytic Cell

An electrochemical cell in which an external electrical supply drives a non-spontaneous redox reaction.

E°cell < 0 V
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electrolytic Conductivity

The ability of an electrolyte solution to conduct electric current, equal to the reciprocal of its resistivity.

κ = (1/R)(l/A) S/m
Electrochemistry & Redox

Electromotive Force

The maximum potential difference a cell can produce, measured when no current is being drawn.

emf = E_cathode − E_anode V
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Electron

A negatively charged fundamental particle that occupies orbitals around the nucleus and governs chemical bonding.

m_e = 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg u