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Terms starting with C

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Solutions & Colligative Properties

Cryoscopic Constant

The freezing point depression produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.

K_f = RT_f²M / ΔH_fus K·kg/mol
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Crystal Defect

Any irregularity that interrupts the perfectly ordered arrangement of particles in a crystal.

Dimensionless
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Crystal Field Splitting Energy

The energy difference between the sets of d orbitals produced when a ligand field lifts their degeneracy.

Δ₀ or Δ_t cm⁻¹
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Crystal Field Stabilisation Energy

The net energy gained by a complex through the preferential occupation of lower-energy d orbitals.

CFSE = (−0.4n_t2g + 0.6n_eg)Δ₀ kJ/mol
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Crystal Field Theory

The model treating metal–ligand bonding as purely electrostatic and analysing how ligand fields split the metal d orbitals.

kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Crystal Lattice

The regular, repeating three-dimensional arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Crystalline Solid

A solid in which the constituent particles are arranged in a regular, repeating three-dimensional pattern extending over long distances.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Crystallisation

A purification technique in which a solid is separated from solution as an ordered crystalline lattice.

Dimensionless
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Curie

The older unit of radioactivity, defined as the activity of one gram of radium-226.

1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ Bq Ci
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Cyclic Process

A process in which a system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its exact initial state.

ΔU = 0, q = −w J