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Chemical Equilibrium

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Chemical Equilibrium

Equilibrium Position

The particular set of concentrations at which a system settles, describing how far the reaction has proceeded.

mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Equilibrium Yield

The proportion of reactant converted to product once equilibrium has been reached.

yield = n_product / n_theoretical Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Extent of Reaction

A single variable measuring how far a reaction has progressed from pure reactants towards products.

ξ = (n_i − n_i°) / ν_i mol
Chemical Equilibrium

Heterogeneous Equilibrium

An equilibrium involving species present in more than one phase.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Homogeneous Equilibrium

An equilibrium in which all the reacting species are present in the same phase.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

ICE Table

A systematic tabulation of Initial, Change and Equilibrium amounts used to solve equilibrium problems.

mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Ionic Equilibrium

An equilibrium involving ions in solution, such as the dissociation of weak electrolytes or the dissolution of sparingly soluble salts.

mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Ionic Product

The product of the ion concentrations actually present in a solution, each raised to its stoichiometric power.

Q_sp = [A⁺]^m[B⁻]^n Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Ionic Strength

A measure of the total concentration of ionic charge in a solution.

I = ½ Σ c_i z_i² mol/L
Chemical Equilibrium

Law of Mass Action

The principle that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the active masses of the reactants.

K = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Le Chatelier's Principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it responds in the direction that partially opposes the disturbance.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Magnitude of K and Extent of Reaction

The use of the size of the equilibrium constant to judge how far a reaction proceeds before equilibrium is reached.

K ≫ 1: products favoured Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Mole Fraction Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant written in terms of the mole fractions of the reacting gases.

Kx = Kp × p^(−Δn) Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Optimum Conditions for Industrial Yield

The compromise set of temperature, pressure and catalyst chosen to balance equilibrium yield against reaction rate and cost.

Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Overall Formation Constant

The equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex directly from the free metal ion and all its ligands.

β_n = K₁K₂ … K_n Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Partition Coefficient

The equilibrium ratio of a solute's concentrations in two immiscible phases.

P = C₁ / C₂ Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Perturbation and Re-equilibration

The disturbance of an equilibrium followed by its relaxation to a new equilibrium state.

s
Chemical Equilibrium

Phase Equilibrium

The condition in which two or more phases of a substance coexist with no net transfer between them.

μ_phase1 = μ_phase2 Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Physical Equilibrium

An equilibrium between two physical states or phases of the same substance.

H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂O(g) Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Predicting Precipitation

The use of the ionic product and solubility product to decide whether a solid will form on mixing two solutions.

Q_sp > Ksp → precipitate Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Pressure Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant for a gaseous reaction expressed in terms of partial pressures.

Kp = p_C^c p_D^d / p_A^a p_B^b Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Reaction Quotient

The same ratio as the equilibrium constant but evaluated with the concentrations actually present at any moment.

Q = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Relationship between K and Rate Constants

The equilibrium constant of an elementary reaction equals the ratio of its forward and reverse rate constants.

K = k_forward / k_reverse Various
Chemical Equilibrium

Relationship between Kp and Kc

The conversion linking the pressure and concentration forms of the equilibrium constant for a gaseous reaction.

Kp = Kc(RT)^Δn Dimensionless