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Terms starting with D

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Organic Chemistry

Diastereomer

A stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of the compound with which it is compared.

Dimensionless States of Matter & Gas Laws

Diffusion

The spontaneous spreading of one substance through another as a result of random molecular motion.

J = −D (dc/dx) m²/s Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dilution

The process of reducing a solution's concentration by adding more solvent, leaving the amount of solute unchanged.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ mol/L Foundations of Chemistry

Dimensional Analysis

A calculation method that tracks and cancels units through a chain of conversion factors to reach the required quantity.

given quantity × (desired unit / given unit) = answer Various Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Dipole Moment

The vector measure of the separation of positive and negative charge in a bond or molecule.

μ = q × d D Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Dipole–Dipole Interaction

The electrostatic attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another.

E ∝ μ₁μ₂ / r³ kJ/mol Acids, Bases & Salts

Diprotic Acid

An acid that can donate two protons per molecule.

H₂A ⇌ 2H⁺ + A²⁻ mol/L Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharide units join through a glycosidic bond.

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Dimensionless Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Disproportionation Reaction

A redox reaction in which a single species is simultaneously oxidised and reduced.

2A → A⁺ + A⁻ Dimensionless Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dissociation

The breaking apart of a solute into two or more particles when it dissolves, increasing the effective particle count.

AB → A⁺ + B⁻ Dimensionless Chemical Equilibrium

Dissociation Constant

The equilibrium constant for the breaking apart of a compound or complex into smaller species.

Kd = [A][B] / [AB] mol/L Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dissolution

The process by which a solute disperses into a solvent to form a solution.

kJ/mol Foundations of Chemistry

Distillation

A separation technique that exploits differences in volatility by vaporising a liquid and condensing the vapour in a separate vessel.

Dimensionless Chemical Equilibrium

Distribution Law

The principle that a solute distributes itself between two immiscible solvents in a constant ratio at fixed temperature.

K_D = C_organic / C_aqueous Dimensionless Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

DNA

The double-stranded nucleic acid that carries the hereditary information of almost all living organisms.

Dimensionless Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which two compounds exchange partner ions to form two new compounds.

AB + CD → AD + CB Dimensionless Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Double Helix

The structure of DNA, in which two antiparallel polynucleotide strands wind around a common axis.

10.5 base pairs per turn nm Acids, Bases & Salts

Double Salt

A salt containing two different cations or anions that dissociates completely into all its constituent ions in solution.

e.g. K₂SO₄·Al₂(SO₄)₃·24H₂O Dimensionless Electrochemistry & Redox

Dry Cell

A primary cell using a moist paste rather than a liquid electrolyte, so it can be used in any orientation.

Zn + 2MnO₂ + 2NH₄⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Mn₂O₃ + 2NH₃ + H₂O V Chemical Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium

An equilibrium in which opposing processes continue at the molecular level but at equal and opposite rates.

rate_forward = rate_reverse Dimensionless Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

d–d Transition

The promotion of an electron between split d orbitals, responsible for the characteristic colours of transition metal complexes.

ΔE = hν = Δ nm