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Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

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Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Internal Energy

The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles within a system.

ΔU = q + w J
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Irreversible Process

A real process that passes through non-equilibrium states and cannot be reversed without leaving a permanent change in the surroundings.

ΔS_universe > 0 J/K
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Isobaric Process

A process carried out at constant pressure.

q_p = ΔH J
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Isochoric Process

A process carried out at constant volume, so that no expansion work is done.

w = 0, q_V = ΔU J
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Isolated System

A system that exchanges neither energy nor matter with its surroundings.

ΔU = 0 Dimensionless
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Isothermal Process

A process carried out at constant temperature, with heat exchanged as needed to maintain it.

ΔU = 0 (ideal gas), w = −nRT ln(V₂/V₁) J