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Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

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Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Activity Series

A ranking of metals in order of their tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions.

V
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Actual Yield

The mass of pure product actually isolated at the end of an experiment.

g
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Addition Reaction

A reaction in which two molecules combine to form a single larger product, with no atoms left over.

A + B → AB Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Balanced Chemical Equation

An equation in which the number of atoms of each element and the total charge are identical on both sides.

Σ atoms(left) = Σ atoms(right) Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Calcination

The heating of an ore or compound to high temperature in the absence or limited supply of air to drive off volatile matter.

MCO₃ →(Δ) MO + CO₂ °C
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction showing reactants on the left and products on the right.

aA + bB → cC + dD Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Combination Reaction

A reaction in which two or more substances unite to form a single product.

A + B → AB Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Combustion Analysis

A technique that determines the empirical formula of an organic compound by burning it completely and weighing the CO₂ and H₂O produced.

C → CO₂, H → H₂O g
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Combustion Reaction

The rapid exothermic reaction of a substance with oxygen, usually producing heat and light.

CₓH_y + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O kJ/mol
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Complete Ionic Equation

An equation showing every soluble strong electrolyte as its separate constituent ions.

Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Comproportionation Reaction

A redox reaction in which two species of the same element in different oxidation states combine to give a single intermediate state.

A⁺ + A⁻ → 2A Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Condensation Reaction

A reaction in which two molecules join with the elimination of a small molecule, usually water.

A–OH + H–B → A–B + H₂O Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

AB → A + B Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Dehydration Reaction

A reaction in which water is removed from a single molecule, generally producing an unsaturated or condensed product.

R–CH₂–CH₂OH → R–CH=CH₂ + H₂O Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Disproportionation Reaction

A redox reaction in which a single species is simultaneously oxidised and reduced.

2A → A⁺ + A⁻ Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction in which two compounds exchange partner ions to form two new compounds.

AB + CD → AD + CB Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Effervescence

The rapid escape of gas bubbles from a liquid during a chemical reaction.

Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Elimination Reaction

A reaction in which two substituents are removed from adjacent atoms, generating a multiple bond.

R–CH₂–CHX–R → R–CH=CH–R + HX Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, giving a positive enthalpy change.

ΔH > 0 kJ/mol
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Equivalent Weight

The mass of a substance that combines with or displaces 1.008 g of hydrogen, 8 g of oxygen or one mole of electrons.

E = M / n-factor g/equiv
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Esterification

The acid-catalysed condensation of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water.

RCOOH + R′OH ⇌ RCOOR′ + H₂O Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Excess Reagent

A reactant present in a greater amount than is needed to consume the limiting reagent completely.

n_excess = n_initial − n_reacted mol
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings, giving a negative enthalpy change.

ΔH < 0 kJ/mol
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Fermentation

The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of sugars into simpler products such as ethanol and carbon dioxide.

C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ Dimensionless