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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Calorimetry

The experimental science and practice of measuring heat energy changes during chemical or physical transformations.

Q_lost = Q_gained ⇒ m1 c1 (T1 - T_f) = m2 c2 (T_f - T2) J
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Carnot Cycle

An ideal reversible thermodynamic cycle operating between two thermal reservoirs, establishing maximum theoretical efficiency for heat…

η_Carnot = 1 - (T_cold / T_hot) Dimensionless (%)
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Charles's Law

An ideal gas law stating that gas volume is directly proportional to absolute thermodynamic temperature at constant pressure.

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 (at constant P) m³/K
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Chemical Potential

The change in system free energy per added particle at constant temperature and pressure.

μ = (∂G / ∂N)_{T,P} = (∂U / ∂N)_{S,V} J/particle (or J/mol)
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Critical Point

The endpoint of a phase equilibrium curve in a P-T phase diagram where coexisting liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable.

(∂P/∂V)_T = 0, (∂²P/∂V²)_T = 0 Pa, K