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291 terms · page 7 of 13


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Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Gamma Emission

The release of high-energy electromagnetic radiation from a nucleus dropping to a lower energy state.

ᴬ_Z X* → ᴬ_Z X + γ MeV
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Gangue

The commercially worthless rock and mineral matter surrounding a valuable ore mineral.

Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Glycosidic Bond

The covalent linkage joining a sugar unit to another molecule through an oxygen bridge.

C–O–C Dimensionless
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Gray

The SI unit of absorbed radiation dose, equal to one joule of energy deposited per kilogram of matter.

1 Gy = 1 J/kg Gy
Organic Chemistry

Haloalkane

An alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms.

R–X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Halogens

The group 17 elements — fluorine through astatine — which are one electron short of a full outer shell.

ns² np⁵ Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

HOMO and LUMO

The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, which together govern a molecule's reactivity and spectroscopy.

ΔE = E_LUMO − E_HOMO eV
Foundations of Chemistry

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture whose composition and properties are uniform throughout, with no visible boundary between the components.

Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Homologous Series

A family of compounds sharing the same functional group and general formula, with successive members differing by CH₂.

differ by −CH₂− Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbon

A compound composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.

CₓH_y Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Hyperconjugation

The stabilising delocalisation of electrons from a sigma C–H bond into an adjacent empty or partly filled p orbital.

kJ/mol
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Instantaneous Rate

The rate of a reaction at one particular moment, given by the gradient of the concentration–time curve at that point.

rate = d[A]/dt mol/(L·s)
Chemical Equilibrium

Ionic Equilibrium

An equilibrium involving ions in solution, such as the dissociation of weak electrolytes or the dissolution of sparingly soluble salts.

mol/L
Acids, Bases & Salts

Ionic Product of Water

The equilibrium constant for the self-ionisation of water, equal to the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations.

Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ mol²/L²
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Ionising Radiation

Radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, creating ions.

eV
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Ion–Dipole Interaction

The attraction between an ion and the oppositely charged end of a polar molecule.

E ∝ q μ / r² kJ/mol
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Isobaric Process

A process carried out at constant pressure.

q_p = ΔH J
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

IUPAC Nomenclature of Complexes

The systematic rules for naming coordination compounds unambiguously.

Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Ketone

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

R–CO–R′ Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Latent Heat

The energy absorbed or released when a substance changes state, with no accompanying change in temperature.

q = m × L kJ/kg
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Ligand Field Theory

The refined bonding model that combines crystal field theory with molecular orbital treatment of metal–ligand covalency.

cm⁻¹
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Lipid

A biomolecule that is largely non-polar and therefore insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Liquid Crystal

A state of matter that flows like a liquid but retains some of the molecular ordering of a crystal.

Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Lone Pair

A pair of valence electrons localised on one atom and not involved in bonding.

Dimensionless