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Acids, Bases & Salts

pH

The negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration, measuring the acidity of a solution.

pH = −log[H⁺] Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

pH Scale

The conventional scale, usually running from 0 to 14, on which the acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions is expressed.

0 (acidic) – 7 (neutral) – 14 (alkaline) Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Phase Diagram

A pressure–temperature plot showing which phase of a substance is thermodynamically stable under any given conditions.

Pa, K
Chemical Equilibrium

Phase Equilibrium

The condition in which two or more phases of a substance coexist with no net transfer between them.

μ_phase1 = μ_phase2 Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Phenol

A compound in which a hydroxyl group is bonded directly to an aromatic ring.

C₆H₅–OH Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Phenolphthalein

An acid–base indicator that is colourless in acid and pink in alkaline solution, changing between pH 8.3 and 10.0.

C₂₀H₁₄O₄ Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Phospholipid

A lipid in which one fatty acid of a triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate-containing group.

Dimensionless
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Photochemical Quantum Yield

The number of molecules reacting for each photon of light absorbed by the system.

Φ = molecules reacted / photons absorbed Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Photochemical Reaction

A reaction initiated by the absorption of light, which promotes a molecule to an electronically excited state.

A + hν → A* nm
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrate and oxygen.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ kJ/mol
Foundations of Chemistry

Physical Change

A change that alters the form or state of a substance while leaving its chemical composition intact.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Physical Equilibrium

An equilibrium between two physical states or phases of the same substance.

H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂O(g) Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without altering its chemical identity.

Various
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Physisorption

Weak adsorption in which molecules are held to a surface by van der Waals forces alone.

ΔH ≈ −20 to −40 kJ/mol kJ/mol
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Adenosine Triphosphate

The nucleotide that acts as the universal energy currency of living cells.

ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pᵢ kJ/mol
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Alpha Decay

Radioactive decay in which a nucleus emits a helium-4 nucleus, losing two protons and two neutrons.

ᴬ_Z X → ᴬ⁻⁴_Z₋₂ Y + ⁴₂He MeV
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Amorphous Solid

A solid whose particles lack long-range order, showing only the short-range regularity characteristic of a frozen liquid.

Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Amphiprotic Species

A species that can both donate and accept a proton.

Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Amphoteric Substance

A substance able to react as either an acid or a base depending on what it meets.

Dimensionless
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Chromatography

A family of separation techniques that partition components between a stationary and a mobile phase.

Dimensionless
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Chromophore

The part of a molecule responsible for absorbing light at a particular wavelength.

nm
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Column Chromatography

A preparative technique in which a mixture is separated by passing it down a vertical column packed with stationary phase.

g
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Coordination Sphere

The central metal together with the ligands directly attached to it, written inside square brackets.

[M(L)ₙ] Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Electrophile

An electron-deficient species that seeks and accepts a pair of electrons from an electron-rich centre.

E⁺ Dimensionless