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Foundations of Chemistry

Mole

The SI base unit for amount of substance, containing exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ elementary entities.

n = m / M mol Solutions & Colligative Properties

Mole Fraction

The ratio of the moles of one component to the total moles of all components in a mixture.

x_A = n_A / n_total Dimensionless Chemical Equilibrium

Mole Fraction Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant written in terms of the mole fractions of the reacting gases.

Kx = Kp × p^(−Δn) Dimensionless Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Mole Ratio

The proportion between the amounts of any two substances in a reaction, taken directly from the balanced equation's coefficients.

n_A : n_B = a : b Dimensionless Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Molecular Equation

A chemical equation in which all reactants and products are written as complete, undissociated formulae.

AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq) Dimensionless Foundations of Chemistry

Molecular Formula

The formula stating the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of a compound.

molecular formula = n × empirical formula Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Molecular Geometry

The three-dimensional arrangement of the bonded atoms in a molecule, ignoring the positions of lone pairs.

degrees Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Molecular Ion Peak

The peak in a mass spectrum corresponding to the intact molecule after loss of a single electron.

M⁺· Da Foundations of Chemistry

Molecular Mass

The sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms shown in a molecular formula.

M_r = Σ A_r (all atoms) Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Molecular Orbital Theory

The bonding model in which atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals delocalised over the entire molecule.

ψ_MO = c₁ψ_A ± c₂ψ_B Dimensionless Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Molecularity

The number of reacting species that collide simultaneously in a single elementary step.

Dimensionless Foundations of Chemistry

Molecule

An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds, acting as the smallest unit of a covalent substance.

Dimensionless Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

A technique that separates ionised molecules and fragments according to their mass-to-charge ratio.

m/z Da States of Matter & Gas Laws

Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution

The statistical distribution describing how molecular speeds are spread within a gas at a given temperature.

f(v) ∝ v² e^(−mv² / 2kT) Dimensionless Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Metal Carbonyl

A coordination compound in which carbon monoxide molecules are bonded to a metal centre.

M(CO)ₙ Dimensionless Solutions & Colligative Properties

Micelle

A spherical aggregate of surfactant molecules that forms in solution above a characteristic concentration.

mol/L Solutions & Colligative Properties

Molality

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

m = n / mass of solvent (kg) mol/kg Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Molar Heat Capacity

The heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one kelvin.

C_m = q / (nΔT) J/(mol·K) Foundations of Chemistry

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, numerically equal to its relative atomic or molecular mass expressed in grams.

M = m / n g/mol Foundations of Chemistry

Molar Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance under stated conditions of temperature and pressure.

V_m = V / n = RT / p L/mol Solutions & Colligative Properties

Molarity

The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution.

M = n / V M (mol/L) Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Monomer

The small molecule that repeats to form a polymer.

g/mol Acids, Bases & Salts

Monoprotic Acid

An acid that can donate only one proton per molecule.

HA ⇌ H⁺ + A⁻ mol/L Foundations of Chemistry

Matter

Anything that occupies space and possesses rest mass, existing in the solid, liquid, gas or plasma state.

kg