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Terms starting with D

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Atomic Structure & Periodicity

d-Block Elements

The elements of groups 3 to 12, whose valence electrons fill d orbitals of the penultimate shell.

(n−1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns⁰⁻² Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Dalton's Atomic Theory

The 1808 model proposing that elements consist of indivisible atoms that are identical within an element and combine in fixed whole-number…

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the pressures each component would exert alone in the same volume.

p_total = p₁ + p₂ + p₃ … Pa
Electrochemistry & Redox

Daniell Cell

The classic galvanic cell consisting of a zinc electrode in zinc sulfate and a copper electrode in copper sulfate.

Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu, E° = 1.10 V V
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

de Broglie Relation

The relation stating that every particle has an associated wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum.

λ = h / mv m
Chemical Equilibrium

Debye–Hückel Limiting Law

The theoretical relation predicting activity coefficients of ions in very dilute solution from their charge and the ionic strength.

log γ = −A z² √I Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Decantation

The separation of a liquid from a settled solid or a denser immiscible liquid by carefully pouring off the upper layer.

Dimensionless
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Decay Constant

The probability per unit time that a given nucleus will decay.

λ = 0.693 / t½ s⁻¹
Electrochemistry & Redox

Decomposition Potential

The minimum voltage that must be applied to an electrolytic cell before continuous electrolysis begins.

V
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

AB → A + B Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Degenerate Orbitals

Two or more orbitals in the same atom that have exactly the same energy.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Degree of Dissociation

The fraction of the original substance that has broken apart at equilibrium.

α = amount dissociated / initial amount Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Degree of Hydrolysis

The fraction of a salt's ions that have reacted with water at equilibrium.

h = √(Kh / c) Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Degree of Ionisation

The fraction of dissolved electrolyte molecules that have broken into ions at equilibrium.

α = ionised / total Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Degree of Polymerisation

The number of monomer units in an average polymer chain.

DP = M_polymer / M_monomer Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Dehydration Reaction

A reaction in which water is removed from a single molecule, generally producing an unsaturated or condensed product.

R–CH₂–CH₂OH → R–CH=CH₂ + H₂O Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Deliquescence

The property of a solid that absorbs enough water vapour from the air to dissolve completely in the water it takes up.

Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Delocalisation

The spreading of electrons over three or more atoms rather than their confinement between two.

Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Denaturation

The loss of a protein's native three-dimensional structure without breaking its peptide bonds.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Density

The mass of a substance contained in a unit volume, a characteristic intensive property of each material.

ρ = m / V g/cm³
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry

Denticity

The number of donor atoms a single ligand uses to bind to one metal centre.

κⁿ or ηⁿ notation Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Deposition

The direct conversion of a vapour into a solid without an intermediate liquid phase.

kJ/mol
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Diagonal Relationship

The similarity in properties between an element of period 2 and the element one place to its lower right in period 3.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Diamagnetism

Weak repulsion from a magnetic field, shown by substances in which all electrons are spin-paired.

μ = 0 BM BM