d-Block Elements
The elements of groups 3 to 12, whose valence electrons fill d orbitals of the penultimate shell.
Formula / equation
(n−1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns⁰⁻²
Unit
Dimensionless
In depth
Partly filled d orbitals give these metals variable oxidation states, coloured compounds, paramagnetism, catalytic activity and a strong tendency to form complex ions. High melting points and densities follow from strong metallic bonding involving both s and d electrons.
Examples in the real world
Iron in +2 and +3 states, chromium's series of coloured oxidation states, and vanadium pentoxide as a contact-process catalyst.