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Solutions & Colligative Properties

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Ideal Solution Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless A solution in which the interactions between unlike molecules are identical to those between like molecules, so Raoult's law holds at all compositions. ΔH_mix = 0, ΔV_mix = 0 Immiscible Liquids Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless Two liquids that do not dissolve in one another and separate into distinct layers. Isotonic Solution Solutions & Colligative Properties atm A solution having the same osmotic pressure as another, so that no net osmotic flow occurs between them. π₁ = π₂ Like Dissolves Like Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The empirical rule that substances dissolve best in solvents with similar polarity and bonding character. Mass Percentage Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The mass of solute expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the solution. % w/w = (m_solute / m_solution) × 100 Micelle Solutions & Colligative Properties mol/L A spherical aggregate of surfactant molecules that forms in solution above a characteristic concentration. Miscibility Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The ability of two liquids to mix in all proportions to form a single homogeneous phase. Molality Solutions & Colligative Properties mol/kg The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. m = n / mass of solvent (kg) Molarity Solutions & Colligative Properties M (mol/L) The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per litre of solution. M = n / V Mole Fraction Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The ratio of the moles of one component to the total moles of all components in a mixture. x_A = n_A / n_total Negative Deviation Solutions & Colligative Properties Pa Behaviour in which a solution exerts a lower vapour pressure than Raoult's law predicts. p < x p° Non-Ideal Solution Solutions & Colligative Properties Pa A solution that departs from Raoult's law because interactions between unlike molecules differ from those between like molecules. p ≠ x p° Normality Solutions & Colligative Properties N (equiv/L) The concentration of a solution expressed as gram equivalents of solute per litre of solution. N = M × n-factor Osmosis Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution. Osmotic Pressure Solutions & Colligative Properties atm The external pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane. π = i M R T Parts per Billion Solutions & Colligative Properties ppb A concentration unit expressing one part of solute per thousand million parts of solution. ppb = (m_solute / m_solution) × 10⁹ Parts per Million Solutions & Colligative Properties ppm A concentration unit expressing one part of solute per million parts of solution by mass or volume. ppm = (m_solute / m_solution) × 10⁶ Positive Deviation Solutions & Colligative Properties Pa Behaviour in which a solution exerts a higher vapour pressure than Raoult's law predicts. p > x p° Raoult's Law Solutions & Colligative Properties Pa The partial vapour pressure of each component of an ideal solution equals its mole fraction times its pure vapour pressure. p_A = x_A p°_A Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless The fractional reduction in a solvent's vapour pressure caused by dissolving a non-volatile solute. (p° − p) / p° = x_solute Reverse Osmosis Solutions & Colligative Properties atm The forced flow of solvent from a concentrated to a dilute solution by applying pressure greater than the osmotic pressure. p_applied > π Saturated Solution Solutions & Colligative Properties mol/L A solution in dynamic equilibrium with undissolved solute, containing the maximum amount that will dissolve at that temperature. rate dissolve = rate crystallise Semipermeable Membrane Solutions & Colligative Properties Dimensionless A barrier that allows solvent molecules to pass while blocking larger solute particles. Sol Solutions & Colligative Properties nm A colloidal system consisting of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium.