Normality
The concentration of a solution expressed as gram equivalents of solute per litre of solution.
Formula / equation
N = M × n-factor
Unit
N (equiv/L)
In depth
Normality builds the reacting capacity into the concentration, so equal volumes of solutions of equal normality react exactly, whatever the stoichiometry. Because the n-factor depends on the specific reaction, the same solution can have different normalities in different contexts, and IUPAC now discourages the unit.
Examples in the real world
1 M H₂SO₄ is 2 N in neutralisation; 0.02 M KMnO₄ is 0.1 N in acidic redox titration.