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Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

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Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Sigma Bond

A covalent bond formed by the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals, with electron density concentrated along the internuclear axis.

kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

sp Hybridisation

The mixing of one s and one p orbital to give two linear hybrid orbitals at 180° to each other.

2 hybrids, 180° degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

sp² Hybridisation

The mixing of one s and two p orbitals to give three hybrid orbitals in a plane at 120° to each other.

3 hybrids, 120° degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

sp³ Hybridisation

The mixing of one s and three p orbitals to give four hybrid orbitals directed towards the corners of a tetrahedron.

4 hybrids, 109.5° degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

sp³d and sp³d² Hybridisation

Hybridisation schemes involving d orbitals that give five trigonal bipyramidal or six octahedral hybrid orbitals.

5 or 6 hybrids degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Tetrahedral Geometry

A molecular shape with four bonded atoms directed to the corners of a regular tetrahedron at 109.5°.

AX₄ degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Three-Centre Two-Electron Bond

A bond in which a single pair of electrons is shared between three atoms rather than two.

A···H···B kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry

A shape with five bonded atoms occupying three equatorial and two axial positions around a central atom.

AX₅ degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Trigonal Planar Geometry

A flat molecular shape with three bonded atoms arranged around a central atom at 120°.

AX₃ degrees
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Valence Bond Theory

The bonding model in which a covalent bond forms by the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms.

Dimensionless
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Van der Waals Forces

The collective name for the weak attractive forces between molecules arising from dipole interactions.

E ∝ 1 / r⁶ kJ/mol
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

VSEPR Theory

The model that predicts molecular shape by arranging valence electron pairs around a central atom so their mutual repulsion is minimised.

AXₘEₙ notation Dimensionless