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Atomic Structure & Periodicity

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Principal Quantum Number Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The quantum number n that specifies the main energy level and average distance of an electron from the nucleus. E_n = −13.6 Z² / n² eV Proton Atomic Structure & Periodicity u A positively charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus, carrying a charge of +1 elementary unit. m_p = 1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg Quantum Mechanical Model Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The modern description of the atom in which electrons are represented by wavefunctions giving probability distributions rather than definite paths. Ĥψ = Eψ Rutherford Model Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The nuclear model of the atom, in which a tiny dense positive nucleus is surrounded by orbiting electrons in mostly empty space. Rydberg Formula Atomic Structure & Periodicity m⁻¹ The empirical equation predicting the wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted by a hydrogen-like atom. 1/λ = R_H(1/n₁² − 1/n₂²) s-Block Elements Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The elements of groups 1 and 2, plus helium, whose outermost electrons occupy an s orbital. ns¹ or ns² Schrödinger Wave Equation Atomic Structure & Periodicity J The fundamental equation of quantum mechanics whose solutions give the allowed energies and wavefunctions of a system. Ĥψ = Eψ Shielding Effect Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The reduction in the nuclear attraction felt by an outer electron caused by repulsion from electrons in inner shells. Z_eff = Z − σ Spin Quantum Number Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless The quantum number mₛ describing the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron, restricted to +½ or −½. mₛ = ±½ Successive Ionisation Energies Atomic Structure & Periodicity kJ/mol The series of energies required to remove electrons one after another from the same atom. IE₁ < IE₂ < IE₃ … Transition Element Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless An element whose atom or a stable ion has a partially filled d subshell. (n−1)d¹⁻⁹ Valence Electron Atomic Structure & Periodicity Dimensionless An electron in the outermost occupied shell of an atom, available for bonding.