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Atomic Structure & Periodicity

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Atomic Structure & Periodicity

p-Block Elements

The elements of groups 13 to 18, in which the outermost electrons progressively fill p orbitals.

ns² np¹⁻⁶ Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Paramagnetism

Weak attraction into a magnetic field, shown by substances containing one or more unpaired electrons.

μ = √(n(n+2)) BM BM
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Pauli Exclusion Principle

The rule that no two electrons in an atom may have the same set of all four quantum numbers.

n, l, mₗ, mₛ must differ Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Period

A horizontal row of the periodic table, corresponding to one principal quantum number of the valence shell.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Periodic Law

The principle that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Periodic Table

The tabular arrangement of the chemical elements by increasing atomic number, grouping those with similar properties in vertical columns.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Plum Pudding Model

J. J. Thomson's 1904 model picturing the atom as a sphere of diffuse positive charge with electrons embedded within it.

Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Principal Quantum Number

The quantum number n that specifies the main energy level and average distance of an electron from the nucleus.

E_n = −13.6 Z² / n² eV Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle found in the atomic nucleus, carrying a charge of +1 elementary unit.

m_p = 1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg u