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Electromagnetism & Electronics

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Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Dipole

The basic magnetic structure created by a closed circulating current loop or intrinsic particle spin, possessing North and South magnetic…

μ = I A, τ = μ × B A·m² (or J/T)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Dipole Moment

A vector quantity determining the torque experienced by a magnetic dipole when placed in an external magnetic field.

μ = I A, U = -μ · B A·m² (or J/T)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Field

A vector field generated by moving electric charges, electric currents, or intrinsic magnetic moments that exerts magnetic forces on other…

F_mag = q (v × B), B = μ₀ I / (2π r) T (Tesla = N/(A·m))
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Flux

The measure of the total magnetic field passing normally through a specified surface area.

Φ_B = ∫ B · dA = |B| |A| cos θ Wb (Webers = T·m²)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Hysteresis

The lagging of magnetization behind the applied magnetizing field in ferromagnetic materials during cyclic magnetization.

Hysteresis Loss Area = ∫ H dB J/m³ (Joules per cubic meter)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Permeability

A material property measuring the degree to which a medium supports and concentrates magnetic flux inside itself when subjected to a…

μ = B / H = μ_r μ₀, μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ T·m/A H/m (or T·m/A)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Magnetic Susceptibility

A dimensionless material property measuring the degree of magnetization induced in a material per unit applied magnetic field strength.

M = χ_m H, μ_r = 1 + χ_m Dimensionless
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Maxwell's Equations

The set of four fundamental partial differential equations that unify electricity, magnetism, and optics into classical electrodynamics.

∇·E = ρ/ε₀, ∇·B = 0, ∇×E = -∂B/∂t, ∇×B = μ₀J + μ₀ε₀∂E/∂t Various SI Units
Electromagnetism & Electronics

MOSFET

A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor that uses an insulated gate voltage to control current flow through an underlying…

I_D = ½ μ_n C_ox (W/L) (V_GS - V_th)² A (Current)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Moving Coil Galvanometer, Ammeter & Voltmeter

An electromechanical instrument that measures small currents using magnetic torque on a pivoted coil, converted to an ammeter or voltmeter…

τ = N I A B = k θ; Ammeter: S = I_g G / (I - I_g); Voltmeter: R_s = (V / I_g) - G A (Current), V (Voltage)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Mutual Inductance

The induction of an electromotive force in a secondary circuit loop caused by a time-varying current in an adjacent primary circuit loop.

E₂ = -M (dI₁/dt), M = k √(L₁ L₂) H (Henries)