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Electromagnetism & Electronics

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Electromagnetism & Electronics

Eddy Currents

Loops of electric current induced within solid bulk conductors by a changing magnetic field according to Faraday's law.

P_eddy ∝ f² B_max² t² W (Watts)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Charge

A fundamental intrinsic physical property of subatomic particles that causes matter to experience an electrostatic force when placed in an…

q = n e, e = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C C (Coulombs)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Current

The rate of net flow of electric charge through a cross-sectional area of a conductor per unit time.

I = dq/dt = n q v_d A A (Amperes = C/s)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Dipole

A system of two equal and opposite electric charges (+q and -q) separated by a small distance d.

p = q d, V = (1 / (4π ε₀)) (p cos θ / r²) C·m (Coulomb-meters)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Dipole Moment

A vector quantity measuring the strength and orientation of an electric dipole, pointing from the negative charge toward the positive…

p = q d, τ = p × E, U = -p · E C·m (or Debye)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Field

A vector field surrounding an electric charge that exerts an electrostatic force on any other charge placed within the field.

E = F / q = -∇V = (1 / (4π ε₀)) q / r² r̂ N/C (or V/m)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Potential

The electric potential energy per unit charge at a point in an electric field relative to a chosen reference point.

V = U / q = (1 / (4π ε₀)) q / r V (Volts = J/C)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Power

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred, converted, or dissipated by an electric circuit component per unit time.

P = V I = I² R = V² / R W (Watts = J/s)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electric Susceptibility

A dimensionless material property measuring the degree of electric polarization induced in a dielectric material by an applied electric…

P = ε₀ χ_e E, ε_r = 1 + χ_e Dimensionless
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electrical Conductivity

An intrinsic material property measuring its ability to conduct electric current, defined as the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.

σ = 1 / ρ = J / E S/m (Siemens per meter)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electrical Resistance

A measure of the opposition that a circuit element or material presents to the flow of electric current.

R = V / I = ρ L / A Ω (Ohms = V/A)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electrical Resistivity

An intrinsic material property quantifying how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.

ρ = R A / L = 1 / σ Ω·m (Ohm-meters)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The continuous range of all frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, ordered from low-frequency radio waves to…

c = f λ, E = h f Hz (Frequency), m (Wavelength)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Electromagnetic Waves

Transverse self-propagating oscillations of coupled electric and magnetic fields traveling through space at the speed of light.

c = 1 / √(μ₀ ε₀) ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s, E = c B m/s (Velocity)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Equipotential Surface

A continuous three-dimensional surface on which every point shares the exact same electric potential.

V = constant ⇒ dV = -E · dr = 0 V (Volts)