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960 terms · page 35 of 40
Sigma Bond
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
kJ/mol
A covalent bond formed by the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals, with electron density concentrated along the internuclear axis.
Significant Figures
Foundations of Chemistry
Dimensionless
The digits in a measured value that carry meaningful precision, comprising all certain digits plus one estimated digit.
Simple Cubic
States of Matter & Gas Laws
Dimensionless
A crystal arrangement with particles only at the eight corners of a cubic unit cell.
1 atom per cell, 52% packing
Simultaneous Equilibria
Chemical Equilibrium
mol/L
Several equilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisfied at once.
Single Displacement Reaction
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions
Dimensionless
A reaction in which a more reactive element replaces a less reactive one from its compound.
A + BC → AC + B
Slag
Inorganic & Coordination Chemistry
Dimensionless
The molten by-product formed when a flux combines with the gangue during smelting.
Smelting
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions
°C
The reduction of a metal oxide to the metal by heating with a reducing agent, usually carbon or carbon monoxide.
MO + C → M + CO
SN1 Reaction
Organic Chemistry
s⁻¹
A two-step nucleophilic substitution proceeding through a carbocation intermediate.
rate = k[substrate]
SN2 Reaction
Organic Chemistry
L/(mol·s)
A single-step nucleophilic substitution in which bond formation and bond breaking occur simultaneously.
rate = k[substrate][nucleophile]
Sol
Solutions & Colligative Properties
nm
A colloidal system consisting of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium.
Solid State
States of Matter & Gas Laws
Dimensionless
The state of matter in which particles are held in fixed positions, giving a definite shape and volume.
Solubility
Solutions & Colligative Properties
g/100 g
The maximum quantity of a solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature to give a saturated solution.
S = g solute / 100 g solvent
Solubility and Ksp Relationship
Chemical Equilibrium
mol/L
The mathematical link between molar solubility and the solubility product of a salt.
Ksp = n^n m^m s^(m+n)
Solubility of Gases
Solutions & Colligative Properties
mol/L
The amount of a gas that dissolves in a given volume of liquid at a stated temperature and partial pressure.
S ∝ p, S decreases with T
Solubility Product
Chemical Equilibrium
Various
The equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a sparingly soluble ionic solid into its constituent ions.
Ksp = [A⁺]^m[B⁻]^n
Solubility Rules
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions
Dimensionless
A set of empirical guidelines predicting whether an ionic compound will dissolve appreciably in water.
Solute
Solutions & Colligative Properties
mol
The component of a solution present in the smaller amount, which is dispersed throughout the solvent.
Solution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Dimensionless
A homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances are dispersed uniformly at the molecular or ionic level in another.
Solvation
Solutions & Colligative Properties
kJ/mol
The surrounding and stabilisation of a solute particle by a shell of solvent molecules.
Solvent
Solutions & Colligative Properties
L
The component of a solution present in the greater amount, which dissolves and disperses the solute.
Solvent Extraction Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
Dimensionless
The equilibrium established when a solute is transferred between two immiscible liquid phases in a separating funnel.
efficiency = P V₁ / (P V₁ + V₂)
sp Hybridisation
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
degrees
The mixing of one s and one p orbital to give two linear hybrid orbitals at 180° to each other.
2 hybrids, 180°
Specific Heat Capacity
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics
J/(kg·K)
The heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one kelvin.
c = q / (mΔT)
Specificity
Analytical Chemistry & Spectroscopy
Dimensionless
The ability of a method to measure the analyte accurately in the presence of everything else in the sample.