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Acids, Bases & Salts

pH

The negative logarithm to base ten of the hydrogen ion concentration, measuring the acidity of a solution.

pH = −log[H⁺] Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

pH Scale

The conventional scale, usually running from 0 to 14, on which the acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions is expressed.

0 (acidic) – 7 (neutral) – 14 (alkaline) Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Phase Diagram

A pressure–temperature plot showing which phase of a substance is thermodynamically stable under any given conditions.

Pa, K
Chemical Equilibrium

Phase Equilibrium

The condition in which two or more phases of a substance coexist with no net transfer between them.

μ_phase1 = μ_phase2 Dimensionless
Organic Chemistry

Phenol

A compound in which a hydroxyl group is bonded directly to an aromatic ring.

C₆H₅–OH Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

Phenolphthalein

An acid–base indicator that is colourless in acid and pink in alkaline solution, changing between pH 8.3 and 10.0.

C₂₀H₁₄O₄ Dimensionless
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Phospholipid

A lipid in which one fatty acid of a triglyceride is replaced by a phosphate-containing group.

Dimensionless
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Photochemical Quantum Yield

The number of molecules reacting for each photon of light absorbed by the system.

Φ = molecules reacted / photons absorbed Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Photochemical Reaction

A reaction initiated by the absorption of light, which promotes a molecule to an electronically excited state.

A + hν → A* nm
Biochemistry & Polymer Chemistry

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrate and oxygen.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ kJ/mol
Foundations of Chemistry

Physical Change

A change that alters the form or state of a substance while leaving its chemical composition intact.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Physical Equilibrium

An equilibrium between two physical states or phases of the same substance.

H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂O(g) Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without altering its chemical identity.

Various
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis

Physisorption

Weak adsorption in which molecules are held to a surface by van der Waals forces alone.

ΔH ≈ −20 to −40 kJ/mol kJ/mol
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Polymorphism

The ability of a single substance to exist in more than one crystalline form.

Dimensionless
Chemical Equilibrium

Partition Coefficient

The equilibrium ratio of a solute's concentrations in two immiscible phases.

P = C₁ / C₂ Dimensionless
Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Plum Pudding Model

J. J. Thomson's 1904 model picturing the atom as a sphere of diffuse positive charge with electrons embedded within it.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Chemistry

Pure Substance

Matter with a fixed chemical composition and a definite set of physical properties, comprising either a single element or a single compound.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Packing Efficiency

The percentage of the total volume of a unit cell that is actually occupied by the constituent particles.

(volume of atoms / cell volume) × 100 Dimensionless
Solutions & Colligative Properties

Parts per Million

A concentration unit expressing one part of solute per million parts of solution by mass or volume.

ppm = (m_solute / m_solution) × 10⁶ ppm
Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Penetrating Power

The depth to which a given type of radiation can travel into a material before being absorbed.

mm
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Percentage Purity

The proportion of a sample that consists of the desired compound, expressed as a percentage of the total mass.

% purity = (mass pure / mass sample) × 100 Dimensionless
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Percentage Yield

The actual yield expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield.

% yield = (actual / theoretical) × 100 Dimensionless
Acids, Bases & Salts

pKa

The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, giving a convenient scale of acid strength.

pKa = −log Ka Dimensionless