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Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Esterification

The acid-catalysed condensation of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water.

RCOOH + R′OH ⇌ RCOOR′ + H₂O Dimensionless Organic Chemistry

Ether

A compound in which an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms.

R–O–R′ Dimensionless States of Matter & Gas Laws

Evaporation

The escape of molecules from the surface of a liquid into the vapour phase below the boiling point.

kJ/mol Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Excess Reagent

A reactant present in a greater amount than is needed to consume the limiting reagent completely.

n_excess = n_initial − n_reacted mol Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Exergonic Reaction

A reaction with a negative Gibbs free energy change, which therefore releases usable energy and proceeds spontaneously.

ΔG < 0 kJ/mol Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings, giving a negative enthalpy change.

ΔH < 0 kJ/mol Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Expanded Octet

A bonding arrangement in which a central atom is surrounded by more than eight valence electrons.

Dimensionless Foundations of Chemistry

Extensive Property

A property whose value is directly proportional to the quantity of matter in the sample.

Various Chemical Equilibrium

Extent of Reaction

A single variable measuring how far a reaction has progressed from pure reactants towards products.

ξ = (n_i − n_i°) / ν_i mol