Solutions & Colligative Properties

Abnormal Molar Mass

A molar mass value obtained from colligative measurements that differs from the true value because the solute associates or dissociates.

M_normal = i × M_observed g/mol

Aerosol

A colloidal system in which solid or liquid particles are dispersed in a gas.

nm

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Aqueous Solution

A solution in which water is the solvent, denoted by the state symbol (aq).

mol/L

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Association

The joining of solute molecules in solution into larger aggregates, reducing the effective number of particles.

nA → Aₙ Dimensionless

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Azeotrope

A liquid mixture that boils at constant temperature and distils without any change in composition.

°C

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation

The rise in a solvent's boiling point caused by the presence of a non-volatile solute.

ΔT_b = i K_b m °C

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Brownian Motion

The continuous random zigzag movement of colloidal particles caused by uneven bombardment from surrounding molecules.

⟨x²⟩ = 2Dt m²/s

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Coagulation

The aggregation of colloidal particles into clusters large enough to settle out of the dispersion.

Dimensionless

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Colligative Properties

Solution properties that depend only on the number of dissolved solute particles, not on their chemical identity.

Various

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Colloid

A heterogeneous mixture in which particles between 1 and 1000 nm are dispersed through a continuous medium.

nm

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Cryoscopic Constant

The freezing point depression produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.

K_f = RT_f²M / ΔH_fus K·kg/mol

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dilution

The process of reducing a solution's concentration by adding more solvent, leaving the amount of solute unchanged.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ mol/L

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dissociation

The breaking apart of a solute into two or more particles when it dissolves, increasing the effective particle count.

AB → A⁺ + B⁻ Dimensionless

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Dissolution

The process by which a solute disperses into a solvent to form a solution.

kJ/mol

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Ebullioscopic Constant

The boiling point elevation produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.

K_b = RT_b²M / ΔH_vap K·kg/mol

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Emulsion

A colloidal dispersion of one liquid as fine droplets throughout another liquid with which it is immiscible.

nm

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Enthalpy of Solution

The heat absorbed or released when one mole of a substance dissolves completely in a large excess of solvent.

ΔH_sol = ΔH_lattice + ΔH_hyd kJ/mol

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Foam

A colloidal system in which gas bubbles are dispersed throughout a liquid or solid medium.

nm

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Freezing Point Depression

The lowering of a solvent's freezing point caused by dissolved solute particles.

ΔT_f = i K_f m °C

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Gel

A colloidal system in which a liquid is trapped within a continuous three-dimensional solid network.

Dimensionless

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.

p = K_H × x Pa

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hydration Energy

The energy released when one mole of gaseous ions is surrounded by water molecules to form a dilute aqueous solution.

ΔH_hyd ∝ z / r kJ/mol

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, drawing water out of the more dilute side.

π_solution > π_cell atm

Solutions & Colligative Properties

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, so water flows into the more concentrated side.

π_solution < π_cell atm