Solutions & Colligative Properties
60 terms · page 1 of 3
Abnormal Molar Mass
Solutions & Colligative Properties
g/mol
A molar mass value obtained from colligative measurements that differs from the true value because the solute associates or dissociates.
M_normal = i × M_observed
Aerosol
Solutions & Colligative Properties
nm
A colloidal system in which solid or liquid particles are dispersed in a gas.
Aqueous Solution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
mol/L
A solution in which water is the solvent, denoted by the state symbol (aq).
Association
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Dimensionless
The joining of solute molecules in solution into larger aggregates, reducing the effective number of particles.
nA → Aₙ
Azeotrope
Solutions & Colligative Properties
°C
A liquid mixture that boils at constant temperature and distils without any change in composition.
Boiling Point Elevation
Solutions & Colligative Properties
°C
The rise in a solvent's boiling point caused by the presence of a non-volatile solute.
ΔT_b = i K_b m
Brownian Motion
Solutions & Colligative Properties
m²/s
The continuous random zigzag movement of colloidal particles caused by uneven bombardment from surrounding molecules.
⟨x²⟩ = 2Dt
Coagulation
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Dimensionless
The aggregation of colloidal particles into clusters large enough to settle out of the dispersion.
Colligative Properties
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Various
Solution properties that depend only on the number of dissolved solute particles, not on their chemical identity.
Colloid
Solutions & Colligative Properties
nm
A heterogeneous mixture in which particles between 1 and 1000 nm are dispersed through a continuous medium.
Cryoscopic Constant
Solutions & Colligative Properties
K·kg/mol
The freezing point depression produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.
K_f = RT_f²M / ΔH_fus
Dilution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
mol/L
The process of reducing a solution's concentration by adding more solvent, leaving the amount of solute unchanged.
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
Dissociation
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Dimensionless
The breaking apart of a solute into two or more particles when it dissolves, increasing the effective particle count.
AB → A⁺ + B⁻
Dissolution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
kJ/mol
The process by which a solute disperses into a solvent to form a solution.
Ebullioscopic Constant
Solutions & Colligative Properties
K·kg/mol
The boiling point elevation produced by a one-molal solution of a non-electrolyte in a given solvent.
K_b = RT_b²M / ΔH_vap
Emulsion
Solutions & Colligative Properties
nm
A colloidal dispersion of one liquid as fine droplets throughout another liquid with which it is immiscible.
Enthalpy of Solution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
kJ/mol
The heat absorbed or released when one mole of a substance dissolves completely in a large excess of solvent.
ΔH_sol = ΔH_lattice + ΔH_hyd
Foam
Solutions & Colligative Properties
nm
A colloidal system in which gas bubbles are dispersed throughout a liquid or solid medium.
Freezing Point Depression
Solutions & Colligative Properties
°C
The lowering of a solvent's freezing point caused by dissolved solute particles.
ΔT_f = i K_f m
Gel
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Dimensionless
A colloidal system in which a liquid is trapped within a continuous three-dimensional solid network.
Henry's Law
Solutions & Colligative Properties
Pa
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid.
p = K_H × x
Hydration Energy
Solutions & Colligative Properties
kJ/mol
The energy released when one mole of gaseous ions is surrounded by water molecules to form a dilute aqueous solution.
ΔH_hyd ∝ z / r
Hypertonic Solution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
atm
A solution with a higher osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, drawing water out of the more dilute side.
π_solution > π_cell
Hypotonic Solution
Solutions & Colligative Properties
atm
A solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the one it is compared with, so water flows into the more concentrated side.
π_solution < π_cell