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Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Trading Psychology

The emotional and cognitive discipline required to follow a plan under uncertainty and financial pressure.

Test: decisions taken under pressure match the rules set in advance, rather than being renegotiated in the moment qualitative
Fundamental Analysis & Valuation

Trailing Price-to-Earnings

The price-to-earnings ratio computed using earnings actually reported over the last twelve months.

Trailing P/E = Current Market Price / Earnings per Share over the Trailing Twelve Months ratio (x, times)
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Trailing Stop-Loss

A stop-loss whose trigger price follows a favourable move at a fixed distance and never moves back.

For a long position: Trigger = Highest Price Since Entry - Trail Amount qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Transaction Cost

The full cost of trading a security, comprising explicit charges and the implicit costs of spread and market impact.

Total Cost = Brokerage + STT + Exchange Fees + SEBI Fees + Stamp Duty + GST + Spread + Impact Cost %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Treasury Bill

A short-term government security issued at a discount to face value and redeemed at par, with no coupon.

Yield = [(Face Value - Price) / Price] x (365 / Days to Maturity) x 100 %
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Trend

A sustained directional tendency in price, described as up, down or sideways over a stated timeframe.

Uptrend: successively higher highs and higher lows; Downtrend: successively lower highs and lower lows qualitative
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Trend Following

A rules-based approach that enters in the direction of an established price move and exits when that move ends.

Test: entry and exit are determined by a stated trend rule, with no forecast of turning points and no valuation input qualitative
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Trendline

A straight line drawn to connect successive swing lows in a rise or successive swing highs in a fall.

Test: the line touches at least two swing points and is confirmed by a third touch without being violated between them qualitative
Risk & Portfolio Management

Treynor Ratio

Return above the risk-free rate per unit of systematic risk, measured by beta.

Treynor Ratio = (Portfolio Return - Risk-Free Rate) / Portfolio Beta ratio (x, times)
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Triple Bottom

Three troughs at approximately the same price level separated by two peaks.

Test: three lows within a small percentage of each other, with the highest intervening peak acting as the completion level qualitative
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Triple Top

Three peaks at approximately the same price level separated by two troughs.

Test: three highs within a small percentage of each other, with the lowest intervening trough acting as the completion level qualitative
Indicators & Oscillators

TRIX

The percentage rate of change of a triple-smoothed exponential moving average of price.

TRIX = Percentage change of EMA(EMA(EMA(Close, n), n), n) %
Market Basics & Instruments

Turnover

The rupee value of trading in a security over a period, obtained by multiplying each trade's quantity by its price.

Turnover = Sum of (Trade Quantity x Trade Price) over the period ₹ crore
Indicators & Oscillators

Ultimate Oscillator

An oscillator combining buying pressure measured over three different lookback periods into a single weighted reading.

UO = 100 x (4 x Average7 + 2 x Average14 + 1 x Average28) / 7, where each Average is Buying Pressure / True Range over that period %
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Underlying Asset

The security, index, commodity or rate whose price determines a derivative's value.

Test: the derivative's settlement value is computed by reference to this asset's price at a defined time qualitative
Economy, Macro & Market Cycles

Unemployment Rate

The proportion of the labour force that is without work and actively seeking it.

Unemployment Rate = Unemployed Persons / Labour Force x 100, where the Labour Force excludes those not seeking work %
Economy, Macro & Market Cycles

Union Budget

The government of India's annual statement of estimated receipts and expenditure, presented on 1 February.

Test: the document states revenue and capital receipts, revenue and capital expenditure, and the resulting deficits for the coming financial year ₹ crore
Funds, ETFs & Index Investing

Units

The divisions of a mutual fund scheme that represent an investor's proportional ownership of the pool.

Units Allotted = Amount Invested / Applicable NAV shares
Market Basics & Instruments

Unlisted Company

A company whose shares are not admitted to trading on any stock exchange, so they can only be transferred privately.

Test: no class of the company's shares is admitted to dealings on a recognised exchange qualitative
Market Basics & Instruments

Unrealised Gain

The paper profit on a position that is still held, measured as the difference between the current price and the purchase price.

Unrealised Gain = (Current Market Price - Purchase Price) x Quantity Held
Risk & Portfolio Management

Unsystematic Risk

Risk specific to a single company or sector that can be reduced by holding a diversified portfolio.

Test: the risk arises from factors particular to one issuer or industry rather than from market-wide conditions qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Upper Circuit

The state in which a security is trading at the top of its permitted price band, with buy orders pending and no sellers.

Upper Circuit Price = Previous Close x (1 + Band %)
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Uptrend

A price sequence in which each significant high exceeds the previous high and each significant low exceeds the previous low.

Test: current swing high > previous swing high, and current swing low > previous swing low qualitative
Risk & Portfolio Management

Value at Risk

The loss a portfolio is not expected to exceed over a stated period at a stated confidence level.

Parametric VaR = Portfolio Value x Z-score for the confidence level x Standard Deviation of Returns over the period