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Bonds & Fixed Income

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Bonds & Fixed Income

Accrued Interest

Interest earned on a bond since the last coupon payment but not yet paid out.

Accrued Interest = Coupon Payment x (Days Since Last Coupon / Days in the Coupon Period)
Bonds & Fixed Income

AT1 Bond

An Additional Tier 1 bond: a perpetual, subordinated bank instrument that can be written down or converted to equity to absorb losses.

Test: perpetual, subordinated, with discretionary coupons and a contractual write-down or conversion trigger on a capital shortfall qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Bond

A tradable debt instrument under which the issuer borrows a sum and agrees to pay interest and repay the principal at maturity.

Bond Price = Present Value of all Coupon Payments + Present Value of the Principal Repayment
Bonds & Fixed Income

Bond Covenant

A condition in a debt agreement restricting the borrower's actions or requiring it to maintain stated financial ratios.

Test: the agreement specifies obligations whose breach constitutes an event of default, whether or not a payment is missed qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Bond Market

The market in which debt securities are issued and traded.

Test: the instrument traded represents a debt obligation rather than an ownership interest qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Bond Price

The present value of a bond's remaining cash flows, discounted at the yield the market requires.

Price = Sum of (Coupon / (1 + Yield) raised to t) + Face Value / (1 + Yield) raised to n
Bonds & Fixed Income

Bond Yield

The return a bond generates, expressed as an annual percentage of the price paid for it.

Yield varies by measure: Current Yield = Annual Coupon / Market Price; Yield to Maturity accounts for all cash flows and the redemption amount %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Callable Bond

A bond the issuer may redeem before maturity, at a stated price on stated dates.

Test: the terms give the issuer an option to redeem early; the investor's return should be computed to the earliest call date qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Certificate of Deposit

A negotiable short-term deposit receipt issued by a bank at a discount to face value.

Yield = [(Face Value - Price) / Price] x (365 / Days to Maturity) x 100 %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Clean Price

A bond's quoted price excluding accrued interest.

Clean Price = Dirty Price - Accrued Interest
Bonds & Fixed Income

Commercial Paper

A short-term unsecured promissory note issued by a company at a discount to face value.

Yield = [(Face Value - Price) / Price] x (365 / Days to Maturity) x 100 %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Convertible Bond

A bond that can be exchanged for a fixed number of the issuer's shares at the holder's option.

Conversion Value = Conversion Ratio x Current Share Price; Conversion Premium = (Bond Price - Conversion Value) / Conversion Value
Bonds & Fixed Income

Convexity

The curvature in the relationship between a bond's price and its yield, correcting duration's straight-line estimate.

Price Change % = -Modified Duration x Change in Yield + 0.5 x Convexity x (Change in Yield) squared ratio (x, times)
Bonds & Fixed Income

Corporate Bond

A debt security issued by a company to borrow from investors rather than from banks.

Corporate Bond Yield = Government Security Yield of the same maturity + Credit Spread qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Coupon Rate

The annual interest a bond pays, expressed as a percentage of its face value.

Annual Coupon = Face Value x Coupon Rate %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Credit Rating

An agency's opinion on an issuer's ability to meet its debt obligations, expressed on a letter scale.

Scale in India runs AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, B, C, D, with plus and minus modifiers within categories qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Credit Risk

The risk that a borrower fails to make interest or principal payments as promised.

Expected Loss = Probability of Default x Loss Given Default x Exposure at Default %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Credit Spread

The extra yield a bond offers over a government security of the same maturity, compensating for credit risk.

Credit Spread = Corporate Bond Yield - Government Security Yield of the same maturity bps
Bonds & Fixed Income

Current Yield

A bond's annual coupon expressed as a percentage of its current market price.

Current Yield = Annual Coupon / Current Market Price x 100 %
Bonds & Fixed Income

Debenture

A debt instrument issued by a company, which in India may be secured against assets or unsecured.

Test: the instrument acknowledges a debt of the company and is issued under a debenture trust deed qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Default

A failure by a borrower to pay interest or principal when due, or a breach of another obligation under the debt agreement.

Test: a scheduled payment is missed beyond any grace period, or a covenant breach triggers an event of default qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

Dirty Price

The total amount a buyer pays for a bond, including accrued interest since the last coupon.

Dirty Price = Clean Price + Accrued Interest
Bonds & Fixed Income

Discount Bond

A bond trading below its face value, because its coupon is lower than the yield the market currently requires.

Test: Market Price < Face Value, which implies Yield to Maturity > Coupon Rate
Bonds & Fixed Income

Duration

A measure of how sensitive a bond's price is to a change in interest rates.

Approximate Price Change % = -Modified Duration x Change in Yield in percentage points years