Liquid Crystals
States of matter possessing physical properties intermediate between conventional isotropic liquids and ordered crystalline solids.
Governing formula
Nematic Order Parameter S = ½ ⟨3 cos² θ - 1⟩
SI unit
Dimensionless Orientational Order S
In depth
Composed of anisotropic rod-like or disc-like organic molecules. Liquid crystals flow like liquids but maintain directional orientational order. Applying weak electric fields rotates molecular orientation, modulating optical polarization and light transmission.
Examples in the real world
Nematic liquid crystal displays (LCD) in computer monitors, televisions, and digital clocks.