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842 terms · page 13 of 36
Gauss's Law for Electricity
Maxwell's first equation stating that the net electric flux through any closed Gaussian surface equals the total enclosed charge divided by…
Electromagnetism & ElectronicsGauss's Law for Magnetism
Maxwell's second equation stating that the total magnetic flux passing through any closed surface is always identically zero.
Thermodynamics & Statistical PhysicsGay-Lussac's Law
An ideal gas law stating that gas pressure is directly proportional to absolute thermodynamic temperature at constant volume.
Nuclear & Particle PhysicsGeiger-Müller Counter
A gas-filled radiation detection instrument that measures ionizing radiation by detecting current pulses produced by Townsend avalanches in…
Astrophysics, Cosmology & RelativityGeneral Relativity
Albert Einstein's 1915 geometric theory of gravitation describing gravity not as an attractive force, but as the curvature of 4D spacetime…
Mathematical & Computational PhysicsGenetic Algorithms
A search heuristic optimization method inspired by natural biological evolution that iteratively evolves candidate solutions toward optimal…
Astrophysics, Cosmology & RelativityGeodesic
The path of shortest (or extreme) spacetime interval between two points in curved spacetime, representing the free-fall trajectory of…
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeoid
The hypothetical shape of Earth's surface defined by an equipotential surface of Earth's gravity field matching mean ocean sea level in the…
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeomagnetic Reversal
A major planetary event during which Earth's magnetic field undergoes a complete polarity flip, swapping magnetic North and South poles.
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeomagnetic Storm
A major temporary disturbance of Earth's magnetosphere caused by solar wind shockwaves or Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeomagnetism
The scientific study of Earth's magnetic field, its internal origin in the liquid outer core, spatial variations, and temporal fluctuations.
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeostrophic Wind
A theoretical atmospheric wind resulting from a exact balance between the horizontal Pressure Gradient Force and the Coriolis acceleration…
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGeothermal Gradient
The rate at which Earth's interior temperature increases with increasing depth below the surface.
Condensed Matter & Materials PhysicsGiant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
A quantum spintronic phenomenon where electrical resistance drops dramatically when adjacent ferromagnetic layers align magnetically…
Thermodynamics & Statistical PhysicsGibbs Free Energy
A thermodynamic potential measuring maximum reversible work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGlaciology
The scientific study of glaciers, ice sheets, snow, and all natural ice phenomena in the cryosphere.
Nuclear & Particle PhysicsGluons
Massless elementary gauge bosons that mediate the strong nuclear force between quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
Biophysics & Medical PhysicsGoldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation
An equation calculating resting membrane potential considering relative membrane permeabilities (P_Na, P_K, P_Cl) and concentrations of…
OpticsGraded-index Fiber
An optical fiber whose core refractive index decreases continuously from the central axis outward toward the cladding.
Mathematical & Computational PhysicsGradient
A vector operator that points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of a scalar field, with magnitude equal to that maximum…
Mathematical & Computational PhysicsGradient Descent
An iterative first-order optimization algorithm for finding local minima of a differentiable scalar objective function by taking steps…
Thermodynamics & Statistical PhysicsGraham's Law of Effusion
The law stating that rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to square root of its molar mass.
Condensed Matter & Materials PhysicsGraphene
A single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice.
Geophysics & Environmental PhysicsGravimetry
The precise measurement of spatial and temporal variations in Earth's gravitational acceleration field.