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Optics

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Optics

Fermat's Principle

The fundamental principle stating that light traveling between two points follows the path that requires the stationary (usually minimum)…

Optical Path Length L = ∫ n(s) ds = extremum s (or m)
Optics

Fraunhofer Diffraction

Far-field wave diffraction where both incident and observed wavefronts are planar, achieved using lenses or large distances.

a sin θ = m λ m
Optics

Fraunhofer Lines

A set of dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum caused by chemical element absorption in the Sun's outer atmosphere.

E = h ν = E_upper - E_lower nm
Optics

Fresnel Diffraction

Near-field wave diffraction where source or observation screen is close to the diffracting aperture, requiring spherical wavefront…

Fresnel Number F = a² / (λ L) ≳ 1 N/A