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Nuclear & Particle Physics

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Nuclear & Particle Physics

Neutrino

An extremely light, electrically neutral spin-1/2 elementary lepton that interacts almost exclusively via the weak nuclear force.

m_ν < 0.1 eV/c², Spin = ½, Charge = 0 eV/c² (Mass Limit)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Neutrino Oscillations

A quantum mechanical phenomenon in which a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor changes flavor as it propagates through space.

P(ν_α → ν_β) = sin²(2θ) sin²(1.27 Δm² L / E) Probability (0 to 1)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Binding Energy

The minimum energy required to completely disassemble an atomic nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons.

E_b = Δm c² = [Z m_p + (A - Z) m_n - M_nucleus] c² MeV (Mega-electronvolts)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Fission

A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller daughter nuclei accompanied by the release of neutrons and…

¹₀n + ²³⁵₉₂U → ²³⁶₉₂U* → ¹⁴¹₅₆Ba + ⁹²₃₆Kr + 3 ¹₀n + Q (~200 MeV) MeV (Mega-electronvolts)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Fusion

A nuclear reaction in which two light atomic nuclei collide and combine to form a single heavier nucleus, releasing vast amounts of energy.

²₁H + ³₁H → ⁴₂He + ¹₀n + 17.6 MeV MeV (Mega-electronvolts)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Reactor

An engineered facility in which a controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is maintained to generate thermal energy for electrical…

Multiplication Factor k = Neutrons in generation (i+1) / Neutrons in generation i MWth or MWe (Power Capacity)
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Shell Model

A quantum nuclear model describing nuclear energy levels in terms of individual nucleons moving inside a central potential well with strong…

Magic Numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 Quantized Energy Shells
Nuclear & Particle Physics

Nuclear Stability

A measure of a nuclide's resistance to spontaneous radioactive decay, determined by the balance between nuclear strong attraction and…

N/Z ≈ 1 (for light nuclei), N/Z ≈ 1.5 (for heavy nuclei) Dimensionless N/Z Ratio