Geophysics & Environmental Physics

The ongoing increase in global mean sea level caused by thermal expansion of warming ocean water and meltwater input from glaciers and ice…

Δh_sea = Δh_thermosteric + Δh_eustatic (Thermal Expansion + Meltwater) mm/year (Rate of Rise)

The tectonic process occurring at mid-ocean ridges where new oceanic crust is created by upwelling mantle magma and moves laterally away.

Spreading Rate v = d / t ~ 2–16 cm/year cm/year (Spreading Rate)

Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Elastic body waves that propagate through Earth's interior during an earthquake, classified as Primary (P) waves and Secondary (S) waves.

v_P = √((K + ⁴/₃ μ) / ρ), v_S = √(μ / ρ) km/s (Seismic Wave Velocities)

Geophysics & Environmental Physics

The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of mechanical elastic waves through the Earth's interior and surface layers.

v_p = √((K + ⁴/₃ μ) / ρ), v_s = √(μ / ρ) m/s (Wave Speeds)

Geophysics & Environmental Physics

The plasma physics interaction between the Sun's supersonic coronal plasma stream and Earth's geomagnetic field.

Bow Shock Formation (Supersonic Magnetosheath Plasma Flow) Plasma Density & Velocity

Geophysics & Environmental Physics

The mass ratio of water vapor contained within an air parcel relative to the total mass of the moist air parcel.

q = m_v / (m_v + m_d) ≈ 0.622 e / P g/kg (Grams of Water Vapor per kg of Air)

Geophysics & Environmental Physics

The second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the tropopause (~12 km) up to the stratopause (~50 km), containing the…

dT / dz > 0 (Temperature Inversion via O₃ Absorption) km (Altitude ~12 to 50 km)