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Foundations of Physics

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Foundations of Physics

Scientific Method

An empirical, iterative process for investigating natural phenomena through observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and…

N/A
Foundations of Physics

Scientific Notation

A standardized method of expressing very large or very small numbers in the format a × 10ⁿ, where 1 ≤ |a| < 10 and n is an integer.

a × 10^n Dimensionless
Foundations of Physics

Scientific Theory

A comprehensive, well-substantiated explanation of a broad aspect of nature supported by extensive empirical evidence and repeated testing.

N/A
Foundations of Physics

SI Units

The International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system used globally as the standard language of science and measurement.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Physics

Significant Figures

The digits in a measured or calculated quantity that carry meaningful contribution to its measurement precision.

Dimensionless
Foundations of Physics

Speed of Light

The maximum speed at which all massless particles, electromagnetic waves, and information travel through a vacuum.

c = 299,792,458 m/s m/s
Foundations of Physics

Systematic Error

A consistent, repeatable error in experimental measurements that skews data in the same direction from the true value.

Offset = Mean Measured - True Value Various
Foundations of Physics

Time

A fundamental physical quantity used to sequence events, quantify durations, and measure rates of change in the universe.

Δt = t2 - t1 s
Foundations of Physics

Unit Vector

A dimensionless vector with a magnitude of exactly one, used exclusively to specify a direction in space.

û = u / |u| Dimensionless
Foundations of Physics

Vector

A physical quantity characterized by both a magnitude and a spatial direction.

A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k Various
Foundations of Physics

Vector Components

The scalar projections of a vector along the mutually perpendicular axes of a coordinate system.

Ax = A cos θ, Ay = A sin θ Various
Foundations of Physics

Vector Product

A vector operation multiplying two 3D vectors to yield a vector perpendicular to both, with magnitude equal to the area of the…

A × B = |A||B| sin θ n_hat Various
Foundations of Physics

Vernier Caliper

A precision measuring instrument utilizing a main scale and a sliding Vernier scale to measure linear dimensions with fine precision.

Reading = Main Scale + (Vernier Coincidence × Least Count) mm
Foundations of Physics

Weight

The downward gravitational force exerted on an object's mass by a surrounding gravitational field.

W = m g N
Foundations of Physics

Zero Error

A systematic error that occurs when a measuring instrument displays a non-zero reading when the actual quantity being measured is zero.

True Value = Observed Value - Zero Error Various