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Biophysics & Medical Physics

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Biophysics & Medical Physics

Pulse Oximetry

A non-invasive medical monitoring method measuring arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) using differential optical absorption of red and…

Ratio R = (AC₆₆₀/DC₆₆₀) / (AC₉₄₀/DC₉₄₀) ⇒ % SpO₂ Percentage (% SpO₂) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Radiation Dosimetry

The subfield of medical physics quantifying and measuring ionizing radiation energy deposited in human tissues or phantom materials.

D = dĒ / dm (Absorbed Energy per Unit Mass) Gy (Gray = J/kg) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Radiobiology

The study of the biological mechanisms and health effects of ionizing radiation acting on living cells and biological tissues.

DNA Double-Strand Breaks (DSB) ~ 35–40 per Gy per Cell Gy (Dose Response Units) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Radiopharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical compounds containing radioactive isotopes administered to patients for target-specific diagnostic imaging or therapy.

Targeted Radionuclide Compound: Radiotracer + Carrier Molecule MBq or mCi (Administered Activity) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Radiotherapy

The clinical treatment of malignant cancer tumors using precisely targeted ionizing radiation beams to induce double-strand DNA damage in…

Linear-Quadratic Cell Survival: S = exp(-α D - β D²) Gy (Gray = J/kg) Total Prescribed Dose Biophysics & Medical Physics

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)

The ratio of absorbed dose of a reference 250 kVp X-ray beam to the absorbed dose of a test radiation type required to produce an identical…

RBE = D_reference (250 kVp X-rays) / D_test (for equal biological effect) Dimensionless Ratio Biophysics & Medical Physics

SPECT Scan

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), a nuclear medicine 3D functional imaging technique using gamma-emitting radioisotopes.

Gamma Camera 3D Tomographic Reconstruction MBq (Activity) & Hounsfield-like Functional Units Biophysics & Medical Physics

Stochastic vs Deterministic Radiation Effects

The classification of biological radiation damage into probability-driven stochastic risks (cancer) and threshold-driven deterministic…

Stochastic Probability P ∝ Dose; Deterministic Severity ∝ Dose (Threshold D_th) Risk Factor / Dose Threshold (Gy) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Tissue Viscoelasticity

The mechanical property of biological tissues exhibiting both elastic solid-like storage and viscous fluid-like energy dissipation under…

Maxwell / Kelvin-Voigt Models: σ(t) = E ε(t) + η (dε / dt) Pa (Modulus) & Pa·s (Viscosity η) Biophysics & Medical Physics

Weber-Fechner Law

A psychophysical law stating that human subjective sensory perception is proportional to the logarithm of the physical stimulus intensity.

p = k ln(S / S₀) (Perceived Sensation = k ln(Stimulus Intensity)) Psychophysical Scale (e.g. dB, Stellar Magnitude) Biophysics & Medical Physics

X-Ray Crystallography in Biology

An experimental biophysical technique determining the 3D atomic structure of biological macromolecules from X-ray diffraction patterns of…

n λ = 2 d sin θ (Bragg's Law for Macromolecules) Å or nm (Structural Resolution) Biophysics & Medical Physics

X-ray Imaging

A diagnostic medical imaging modality using differential photoelectric attenuation of X-rays passing through human tissue to form 2D…

I(x) = I₀ e^(-μ x) (Beer-Lambert Attenuation) keV (Photon Energy) & μ (Attenuation Coefficient in cm⁻¹)