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Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

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Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Red Giant

A large, luminous star in a late evolutionary stage that has exhausted core hydrogen fuel and expanded its outer envelope.

Radius R ~ 10–100 R_☉, T_surface ~ 3,000–4,500 K Solar Radii (R_☉) & Kelvin Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Relativistic Kinetic Energy

The work required to accelerate a massive particle from rest to a relativistic velocity v.

E_k = (γ - 1) m₀ c² = E_total - m₀ c² Joules or MeV / GeV Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Relativistic Momentum

The linear momentum of an object moving at relativistic speeds, scaled by the Lorentz factor γ.

p = γ m₀ v = m₀ v / √(1 - v²/c²) kg·m/s or GeV/c Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Relativistic Time Dilation

The phenomenon where time passes slower for a clock in relative motion compared to a stationary observer's reference clock.

Δt = γ Δt₀ = Δt₀ / √(1 - v²/c²) Seconds (Time Interval)