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Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

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Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Hawking Radiation

Thermal blackbody radiation predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum field fluctuations near the event horizon.

T_H = ℏ c³ / (8 π G M k_B), P = ℏ c⁶ / (15360 π G² M²) Kelvin (Blackbody Temperature T_H) Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram

A foundational scatter plot of stellar luminosity versus surface temperature (or spectral type) used to trace stellar evolution phases.

L ∝ R² T^4 (Plot of Absolute Magnitude vs Spectral Type) Luminosity (L_☉) vs Surface Temp (K) Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Hubble's Law

The cosmological observation that galaxies recede from Earth at velocities directly proportional to their proper distance.

v = H₀ d, H₀ ≈ 70 (km/s) / Mpc km/s/Mpc (Hubble Constant)