Metamerism
The phenomenon in which two samples match under one light source but differ visibly under another.
In depth
Two colours can produce the same response in the eye's three receptor types while having quite different spectral compositions. Change the illuminant and those spectra interact differently, breaking the match. It is a constant problem in product and reproduction photography, and the reason critical colour work specifies a standard viewing illuminant.
Examples in practice
Two jacket panels that match perfectly in the shop's fluorescent light look obviously different in daylight outside.