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Terms starting with B

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States of Matter & Gas Laws

Body-Centred Cubic

A cubic arrangement with particles at the eight corners plus one at the centre of the cell.

2 atoms per cell, 68% packing Dimensionless Atomic Structure & Periodicity

Bohr Model

The 1913 model in which electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed circular paths of quantised energy and angular momentum.

mvr = nh / 2π Dimensionless States of Matter & Gas Laws

Boiling Point

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure acting on it.

p_vap = p_external °C Solutions & Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation

The rise in a solvent's boiling point caused by the presence of a non-volatile solute.

ΔT_b = i K_b m °C Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Bomb Calorimeter

A rigid sealed vessel used to measure the heat released by combustion at constant volume.

q_V = ΔU J Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bond Angle

The angle between two bonds that share a common atom.

degrees Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Bond Dissociation Enthalpy

The enthalpy change when one mole of a specific bond is broken homolytically in the gas phase.

A–B(g) → A·(g) + B·(g) kJ/mol Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bond Energy

The energy required to break one mole of a given bond homolytically in the gaseous state.

A–B(g) → A(g) + B(g) kJ/mol Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bond Length

The equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

d ≈ r₁ + r₂ pm Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bond Order

The number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms, or in molecular orbital terms half the difference between bonding and antibonding…

BO = (N_b − N_a) / 2 Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bond Polarity

The degree of unequal electron sharing in a covalent bond, arising from an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms.

Δχ = |χ_A − χ_B| Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bonding Molecular Orbital

A molecular orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals from which it forms, whose occupation stabilises the molecule.

ψ = ψ_A + ψ_B Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Bonding Pair

A pair of electrons shared between two atoms and responsible for holding them together.

Dimensionless Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

Born–Haber Cycle

A thermochemical cycle applying Hess's law to determine the lattice energy of an ionic compound indirectly.

ΔH_f = ΔH_sub + IE + ½D + EA + U kJ/mol States of Matter & Gas Laws

Boyle's Law

At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

p₁V₁ = p₂V₂ Pa·m³ Nuclear & Radiochemistry

Breeder Reactor

A reactor that produces more fissile material than it consumes by converting fertile nuclides.

²³⁸U + n → ²³⁹Pu Dimensionless Solutions & Colligative Properties

Brownian Motion

The continuous random zigzag movement of colloidal particles caused by uneven bombardment from surrounding molecules.

⟨x²⟩ = 2Dt m²/s Acids, Bases & Salts

Brønsted–Lowry Theory

The theory defining an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor.

HA + B ⇌ A⁻ + BH⁺ Dimensionless Acids, Bases & Salts

Buffer Capacity

The amount of strong acid or base a buffer can absorb before its pH changes appreciably.

β = dn / d(pH) mol/L Acids, Bases & Salts

Buffer Range

The span of pH values over which a buffer works effectively, conventionally one unit either side of its pKa.

pH = pKa ± 1 Dimensionless Acids, Bases & Salts

Buffer Solution

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

Dimensionless