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Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

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Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat

Energy transferred between a system and its surroundings solely because of a temperature difference.

q = mcΔT J
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure

The heat needed to raise a system's temperature by one kelvin while pressure is held constant.

C_p = C_V + R (ideal gas) J/(mol·K)
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Heat Capacity at Constant Volume

The heat needed to raise a system's temperature by one kelvin while its volume is held fixed.

C_V = (∂U/∂T)_V J/(mol·K)
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Helmholtz Free Energy

The thermodynamic potential that determines spontaneity at constant temperature and volume.

A = U − TS kJ/mol
Thermochemistry & Thermodynamics

Hess's Law

The total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of the route taken, provided the initial and final states are identical.

ΔH_total = ΣΔH_steps kJ/mol