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States of Matter & Gas Laws

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States of Matter & Gas Laws

Root Mean Square Speed

The square root of the average of the squared molecular speeds in a gas sample.

c_rms = √(3RT / M) m/s
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Schottky Defect

A point defect in which equal numbers of cations and anions are missing from their lattice sites.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Simple Cubic

A crystal arrangement with particles only at the eight corners of a cubic unit cell.

1 atom per cell, 52% packing Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Solid State

The state of matter in which particles are held in fixed positions, giving a definite shape and volume.

Dimensionless
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Sublimation

The direct conversion of a solid into a vapour without passing through the liquid state.

ΔH_sub = ΔH_fus + ΔH_vap kJ/mol
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Supercritical Fluid

A substance held above both its critical temperature and critical pressure, where liquid and gas phases are indistinguishable.

T > T_c and p > p_c K, Pa
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Surface Tension

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by unit amount, arising from unbalanced intermolecular forces at the surface.

γ = F / L N/m
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Triple Point

The unique temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid and vapour phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium.

K, Pa
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Unit Cell

The smallest repeating three-dimensional unit that, when stacked, reproduces the entire crystal lattice.

ρ = ZM / (a³N_A) pm
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Van der Waals Equation

A modified equation of state that corrects the ideal gas law for molecular volume and intermolecular attraction.

(p + an²/V²)(V − nb) = nRT Various
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Vapour Pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapour in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid at a given temperature.

ln p = −ΔH_vap / RT + C Pa
States of Matter & Gas Laws

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow, arising from internal friction between adjacent layers of molecules.

F = ηA (dv/dx) Pa·s