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840 terms · page 16 of 35


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All A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Risk & Portfolio Management

Hedging

Taking an offsetting position to reduce the loss an existing exposure would suffer from an adverse move.

Hedge Ratio = Value of Exposure x Beta / Contract Value of the Hedging Instrument ratio (x, times)
Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Heikin-Ashi

A modified candlestick chart in which each period's values are averaged with the previous period's to smooth the series.

HA Close = (Open + High + Low + Close) / 4; HA Open = (Previous HA Open + Previous HA Close) / 2
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Herd Behaviour

The tendency to follow the actions of a larger group rather than one's own analysis.

Test: the decision follows what others are doing, without independent evidence being gathered or weighed qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

High-Frequency Trading

Algorithmic trading characterised by very short holding periods, very high order counts and competition on latency.

Test: holding periods measured in milliseconds to seconds, with order-to-trade ratios far above those of ordinary participants qualitative
Bonds & Fixed Income

High-Yield Bond

A bond rated below investment grade, offering a higher coupon to compensate for higher default risk.

Test: the rating is BB+ or lower on the standard scale qualitative
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after an event, that it was more predictable than it actually was.

Test: recalled prior probability estimates shift toward the outcome that actually occurred qualitative
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Historical Volatility

The realised standard deviation of an underlying's returns over a past period, annualised.

Historical Volatility = Standard Deviation of Daily Log Returns x square root of 252, expressed as a percentage %
Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance

Holding Company

A company whose principal assets are controlling stakes in other companies rather than an operating business of its own.

Test: the company controls the composition of another company's board or holds more than half its voting power qualitative
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Home Bias

The tendency to hold a far larger proportion of domestic assets than global market weights would suggest.

Test: domestic allocation substantially exceeds the home market's share of global market capitalisation %
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Hot-Hand Fallacy

The belief that a run of successes will continue because the performer is on a streak.

Test: the predicted probability of continued success rises with the length of a prior run of successes qualitative
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

House Money Effect

Taking greater risks with money regarded as winnings than with money regarded as one's own.

Test: risk tolerance rises after gains, treating profits as a separate account with lower value qualitative
Funds, ETFs & Index Investing

Hybrid Fund

A mutual fund that invests across both equity and debt, in proportions set by its stated category.

Test: the scheme holds a defined mix of equity and debt, with the allocation range specified in the scheme document %
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Hyperbolic Discounting

Discounting future rewards at a rate that falls as the delay increases, producing inconsistent preferences over time.

Test: preference between two future rewards reverses as both move closer in time, though the interval between them is unchanged qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Iceberg Order

A large order that reveals only a small portion to the order book at a time, refreshing as each slice is filled.

Test: total quantity exceeds the disclosed quantity, and a fresh slice enters the book only after the previous one is fully executed qualitative
Indicators & Oscillators

Ichimoku Cloud

A multi-line system plotting conversion and base lines, a shaded cloud projected forward, and a lagging span behind price.

Conversion Line = (9-period High + Low) / 2; Base Line = (26-period High + Low) / 2; Leading Span A = average of those two, plotted 26 periods ahead; Leading Span B = (52-period High + Low) / 2, plotted 26 periods ahead
Funds, ETFs & Index Investing

IDCW Option

The plan option under which a fund periodically distributes part of the NAV to unit holders as income distribution cum capital withdrawal.

Post-Payout NAV = Pre-Payout NAV - Amount Distributed per Unit
Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Illusion of Control

The belief that one can influence outcomes that are largely determined by chance.

Test: confidence in a favourable outcome rises with involvement or effort, without any change in the actual probability qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Immediate-or-Cancel Order

An order that executes whatever quantity is available at once and cancels the remainder rather than resting in the book.

Test: any unfilled quantity is cancelled immediately on submission instead of joining the order book qualitative
Orders, Execution & Market Structure

Impact Cost

The cost, expressed as a percentage, of executing a stated order size against the current order book relative to the mid price.

Impact Cost % = (Actual Execution Price - Ideal Mid Price) / Ideal Mid Price x 100 %
Fundamental Analysis & Valuation

Impairment

A write-down of an asset's carrying value when its recoverable amount falls below what the balance sheet records.

Impairment Loss = Carrying Amount - Recoverable Amount, where Recoverable Amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use ₹ crore
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Implied Volatility

The volatility figure that, put into an option pricing model, reproduces the option's current market price.

Test: solve the pricing model for the volatility input that makes the model price equal the observed market price %
Derivatives, Futures & Options

In the Money

An option that would have positive value if exercised immediately.

Call: Spot > Strike; Put: Spot < Strike qualitative
Funds, ETFs & Index Investing

iNAV

The indicative net asset value of an ETF, computed and published continuously through the trading day.

iNAV = (Live Value of the Underlying Basket + Cash Component) / Units Outstanding
Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance

Independent Director

A board member with no material pecuniary relationship with the company, its promoters or its management.

Test: the director meets the statutory independence criteria on relationships, remuneration and tenure, and is so declared annually qualitative