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Terms starting with R

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R-Squared Risk & Portfolio Management % The proportion of a portfolio's return variation that is explained by movements in its benchmark. R-Squared = Square of the Correlation between Portfolio and Benchmark Returns, expressed as a percentage Rate of Change Indicators & Oscillators % The percentage change in price over a fixed number of periods. ROC = (Current Close - Close n periods ago) / Close n periods ago x 100 RBI Retail Direct Bonds & Fixed Income qualitative A Reserve Bank platform allowing individuals to buy government securities directly, without an intermediary. Test: the individual holds a Retail Direct Gilt account with the Reserve Bank and participates in primary auctions or secondary trading Real GDP Economy, Macro & Market Cycles ₹ crore Gross domestic product adjusted to remove the effect of price changes, so it measures output rather than value. Real GDP = Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator x 100 Real Return Economy, Macro & Market Cycles % The return on an investment after adjusting for inflation, measuring the gain in purchasing power. Real Return = (1 + Nominal Return) / (1 + Inflation Rate) - 1 Realised Gain Market Basics & Instruments ₹ The profit that is locked in once a position has actually been sold and settled. Realised Gain = (Actual Sale Price - Purchase Price) x Quantity Sold - Transaction Costs Rebalancing Risk & Portfolio Management % Restoring a portfolio to its target weights by selling what has grown beyond them and buying what has fallen below. Test: weights are returned to target on a schedule, or whenever a weight drifts beyond a stated tolerance band Recency Bias Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance qualitative The tendency to weight recent events more heavily than older ones when forming expectations. Test: expectations track the most recent period's outcomes rather than the full available history Recession Economy, Macro & Market Cycles qualitative A significant, broad-based decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months. Common working test: two consecutive quarters of negative real GDP growth Record Date Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance qualitative The date on which a company checks its register to determine who is entitled to a corporate action. Test: the shareholder's name appears in the register of members or the depository records at the end of the record date Recovery Economy, Macro & Market Cycles qualitative The phase following a trough in which activity begins rising again toward and past its previous peak. Test: real GDP is rising from a trough, though it may still be below the prior peak Rectangle Pattern Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns qualitative A consolidation bounded by roughly horizontal support and resistance, with price oscillating between them. Test: two or more highs at approximately one level and two or more lows at approximately another, with no convergence Red Herring Prospectus Indian Market, Regulation & Taxation qualitative The offer document filed before an IPO containing all details except the final issue price and size. Test: the document is filed with the registrar and contains complete disclosure other than the final price and number of shares Regret Aversion Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance qualitative Avoiding decisions because of the anticipated pain of regret if they turn out badly. Test: the choice minimises anticipated regret rather than maximising expected outcome Regular Plan Funds, ETFs & Index Investing % A version of a mutual fund scheme bought through a distributor, whose commission is embedded in a higher expense ratio. Regular Plan Expense Ratio = Direct Plan Expense Ratio + Distributor Commission Reinvestment Risk Bonds & Fixed Income % The risk that coupons or maturing principal must be reinvested at rates lower than the original investment earned. Test: the realised return falls below the original yield to maturity because intermediate cash flows were reinvested at lower rates Related Party Transaction Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance qualitative A transaction between a company and a person or entity connected to it, such as a promoter, director or group company. Test: the counterparty meets the definition of a related party, requiring disclosure and, above thresholds, audit committee and shareholder approval Relative Strength Indicators & Oscillators % The performance of one security measured against another security or an index over the same period. Relative Strength = Security Price / Benchmark Price, tracked over time; or Security Return - Benchmark Return Relative Strength Index Indicators & Oscillators ratio (x, times) An oscillator bounded between 0 and 100 that compares the average size of recent gains with the average size of recent losses. RSI = 100 - 100 / (1 + RS), where RS = Average Gain over n periods / Average Loss over n periods Relative Valuation Fundamental Analysis & Valuation ₹ crore Valuing a company by comparing its multiples with those of similar companies or with its own history. Implied Value = Peer Group Median Multiple x Company's Corresponding Financial Metric Repo Rate Economy, Macro & Market Cycles % The rate at which the Reserve Bank lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Test: it is the policy rate at which banks borrow overnight from the central bank under the liquidity adjustment facility Representativeness Heuristic Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance qualitative Judging probability by how closely something resembles a mental prototype, rather than by statistical likelihood. Test: the judgement follows similarity to a stereotype and ignores how common that category actually is Research Analyst Indian Market, Regulation & Taxation qualitative A SEBI-registered person or entity that publishes research reports and recommendations on securities. Test: the person holds a SEBI registration as a research analyst and complies with the disclosure and conduct requirements for published research Reserve Bank of India Indian Market, Regulation & Taxation qualitative India's central bank, responsible for monetary policy, currency, banking regulation and the government securities market. Test: the matter concerns monetary policy, banking regulation, payment systems, foreign exchange or government debt management