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Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance

Promoter Pledge

Shares held by promoters that have been given as collateral against borrowing.

Pledge % = Pledged Shares / Total Promoter Shares x 100, disclosed quarterly % Financial Statements & Accounting

Property, Plant and Equipment

Tangible long-lived assets used in operations, such as land, buildings, machinery and vehicles, shown net of accumulated depreciation.

Net Block = Gross Block - Accumulated Depreciation ₹ crore Market Psychology & Behavioural Finance

Prospect Theory

A model of decision-making under risk in which outcomes are valued as gains and losses from a reference point, with losses weighted more…

Value function: concave for gains, convex for losses, and steeper for losses than for gains by a factor of roughly two qualitative Derivatives, Futures & Options

Protective Put

Buying a put against shares already owned, to place a floor under the holding's value.

Maximum Loss = (Purchase Price - Strike + Premium) x Lot Size; Break-even = Purchase Price + Premium ₹ Financial Statements & Accounting

Provision

A liability of uncertain timing or amount that is recognised in the accounts because an outflow is probable and estimable.

Test: a present obligation exists, an outflow is probable, and a reliable estimate can be made; recognise the best estimate ₹ crore Corporate Actions, Dividends & Governance

Proxy Voting

Authorising another person to attend a shareholders' meeting and vote on one's behalf.

Test: a valid proxy form is lodged with the company at least 48 hours before the meeting qualitative Technical Analysis & Chart Patterns

Pullback

A temporary move against the prevailing direction within an ongoing trend.

Test: price retraces a portion of the prior move without violating the swing point that defines the trend qualitative Indian Market, Regulation & Taxation

Pump and Dump

A manipulation in which operators inflate a security's price through false or misleading promotion, then sell into the demand they created.

Test: coordinated promotion raises price and volume in a low-float security, followed by concentrated selling by the promoters of that message qualitative Economy, Macro & Market Cycles

Purchasing Managers' Index

A survey-based index of business conditions, where readings above 50 indicate expansion and below 50 contraction.

PMI = weighted diffusion index of survey responses on output, new orders, employment, supplier deliveries and stocks index points Economy, Macro & Market Cycles

Purchasing Power

The quantity of goods and services a unit of currency can buy.

Purchasing Power Change = 1 / (1 + Inflation Rate) - 1, over the period considered % Derivatives, Futures & Options

Put Option

An option giving its buyer the right to sell the underlying at the strike price on or before expiry.

Payoff at expiry for the buyer = max(Strike - Spot, 0) - Premium Paid ₹ Derivatives, Futures & Options

Put-Call Parity

The relationship fixing the price of a European call and put with the same strike and expiry relative to the underlying.

Call Price - Put Price = Spot Price - Present Value of Strike ₹ Indicators & Oscillators

Put-Call Ratio

The ratio of put option activity to call option activity, measured by volume or by open interest.

Put-Call Ratio = Put Volume / Call Volume, or Put Open Interest / Call Open Interest ratio (x, times) Bonds & Fixed Income

Puttable Bond

A bond the holder may sell back to the issuer before maturity, at a stated price on stated dates.

Test: the terms give the holder an option to require early redemption at a specified price and date qualitative