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Derivatives, Futures & Options

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Derivatives, Futures & Options

Put Option

An option giving its buyer the right to sell the underlying at the strike price on or before expiry.

Payoff at expiry for the buyer = max(Strike - Spot, 0) - Premium Paid
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Put-Call Parity

The relationship fixing the price of a European call and put with the same strike and expiry relative to the underlying.

Call Price - Put Price = Spot Price - Present Value of Strike
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Rho

The change in an option's price for a one-percentage-point change in the risk-free interest rate.

Rho = Change in Option Price / Change in Risk-Free Rate (per 1 percentage point)
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Rollover

Closing a derivative position in the expiring contract and opening the equivalent position in the next expiry.

Rollover Cost = Price of the Far Contract - Price of the Near Contract, per unit index points
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Short Call

A position created by writing a call option, receiving the premium and taking on an obligation to deliver if exercised.

Profit at expiry = Premium Received x Lot Size - max(Spot - Strike, 0) x Lot Size; loss is unbounded above the strike
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Short Put

A position created by writing a put option, receiving the premium and taking on an obligation to buy if exercised.

Profit at expiry = Premium Received x Lot Size - max(Strike - Spot, 0) x Lot Size; maximum loss when the underlying reaches zero
Derivatives, Futures & Options

SPAN Margin

The portion of initial margin computed by simulating a portfolio's worst-case loss across a grid of price and volatility scenarios.

SPAN Margin = the largest loss the portfolio would suffer across the scenario array tested by the clearing corporation
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Stock Futures

A futures contract whose underlying is a single listed company's shares.

Contract Value = Share Price x Lot Size; settlement in India is by physical delivery of the shares
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Straddle

Buying or writing both a call and a put at the same strike and expiry.

Long Straddle Cost = Call Premium + Put Premium; Break-evens = Strike +/- Total Premium
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Strangle

Buying or writing a call and a put at different out-of-the-money strikes with the same expiry.

Long Strangle Cost = Call Premium + Put Premium; Break-evens = Call Strike + Total Premium, and Put Strike - Total Premium
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Strike Price

The fixed price at which an option's holder may buy or sell the underlying if the option is exercised.

Test: the strike is set by the exchange in standard intervals and does not change over the contract's life
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Synthetic Position

A combination of options and the underlying that reproduces the payoff of a different single instrument.

Synthetic Long = Long Call + Short Put at the same strike and expiry; Synthetic Short = Short Call + Long Put qualitative
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Theta

The rate at which an option loses value as time passes, holding everything else constant.

Theta = Change in Option Price / Change in Time, conventionally expressed per calendar day and negative for a holder
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Time Value

The portion of an option's premium above its intrinsic value, paid for the possibility of a favourable move before expiry.

Time Value = Option Premium - Intrinsic Value
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Underlying Asset

The security, index, commodity or rate whose price determines a derivative's value.

Test: the derivative's settlement value is computed by reference to this asset's price at a defined time qualitative
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Vega

The change in an option's price for a one-percentage-point change in implied volatility.

Vega = Change in Option Price / Change in Implied Volatility (per 1 percentage point)
Derivatives, Futures & Options

Weekly Expiry

A derivative contract that expires each week rather than monthly, concentrating an option's whole life into a few days.

Test: the contract's expiry falls on a designated weekday of the current week rather than at month end qualitative