Standard Model
The theoretical physics framework classifying all known elementary particles and describing three fundamental forces: electromagnetism, weak force, and strong force.
Governing formula
SU(3)_C × SU(2)_L × U(1)_Y Gauge Symmetry
SI unit
Theoretical Framework
In depth
The Standard Model incorporates 12 fundamental fermions (6 quarks and 6 leptons), force-mediating gauge bosons (photons, W/Z bosons, gluons), and the Higgs scalar boson that endows fundamental particles with mass.
Examples in the real world
Successfully predicting the existence and properties of top quarks, W/Z bosons, and the Higgs boson discovered at CERN.