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Mathematical & Computational Physics

Hessian Matrix

A square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, describing local surface curvature and local extrema stability.

Governing formula H_ij = ∂²f / (∂x_i ∂x_j)
SI unit Second Derivative Matrix

In depth

Used in multivariable optimization and stability analysis. Positive definite Hessian matrices correspond to local energy minima (stable equilibrium), while mixed signs indicate saddle points.

Examples in the real world

Evaluating potential energy surface curvature around equilibrium positions to determine normal mode vibration frequencies.